Biology Macromolecules Study Guide – Flashcards
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Carbon
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The most abundant element in the universe.
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Carbon
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Building block of all life on Earth; has unique properties that allow it to bond to all elements of life including itself.
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Carbon
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Only element of life that can bond to 4 different atoms at one time
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Elements of Life:
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur. (C, H, N, O, P, S)
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Macromolecules
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Large molecules formed by bonding small molecules together
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4 Main Groups of Macromolecules
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Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates Elements
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
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Carbohydrates Building Blocks
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simple sugars (glucose, fructose)
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Carbohydrates Biological Use
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store/provide energy
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Carbohydrates Examples
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sugars and starches
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Types of Carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides, Polysaccharides
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Monosaccharides
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simple sugar (glucose, fructose)
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Polysaccharides
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formed by joining 2 or more monosaccharides (sucrose, starch)
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Lipid Elements
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (Has large proportion of C-H bonds and less Oxygen than carbohydrates.
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Lipid Building Blocks
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glycerols and fatty acids
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Lipid Examples Biological Use
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energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings (gram for gram stores more energy than carbohydrates)
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Lipid Examples
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fats and oils
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Types of Lipids
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saturated, unsaturated
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Saturated
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Contains the maximum amount of Hydrogen
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Unsaturated
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Contains double Carbon bonds, doesn't have as many Hydrogen
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Proteins Elements
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur
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Proteins Building Blocks
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Amino Acids (20 different amino acids are used to make different proteins)
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Proteins Biological Use
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Important for building and repairing the body. Proteins make your muscles.
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Amino Acids
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long chains of amino acids make up polypeptides
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Protein is
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Usually several polypeptides folded around each other
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Different Types of Proteins
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Hormonal, Enzymatic, Structural, Defensive, Storage, Transport, Receptor, and Contractile (types based off of function)
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Carbohydrates Energy
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4 calories/gram
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Proteins Energy
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4 calories/gram
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Lipids Energy
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9 calories/gram
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The Sun
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Main source of energy (provides energy for plants, therefore animals eat the plants)
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Nucleic Acids Elements
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (Sometimes small amounts of Sulfur, or other elements)
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Nucleic Acids Building Blocks
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Nucleotides ( Phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, Nitrogen Base)
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Nucleic Acids Biological Use
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Store genetic information in the form of a code.
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Nucleic Acids Examples
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DNA, RNA
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Nucleotide
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Nucleic acids are the building blocks of nucleotides.
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Nucleotides are composed of
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Phosphate group 5-carbon sugar A nitrogen base
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Positive Carbohydrate (Simple)
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murky orange
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Positive Carbohydrate (Complex)
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dark blue/black
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Positive Lipid
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looks dissolved, is damp, and less flimsy
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Positive Protein
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turned violet/lavender
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Simple Carbohydrate
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3 mL of Benedict's solution to 5mL of food & heat for 5 minutes
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Complex Carbohydrate
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Add 5 drops of Iodine to 5mL of food
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Protein
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Add 20 (25 if change) drops of Biuret's Solution to 5mL of food
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Lipid
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Brown paper towel ; rub on food.
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Monomer
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A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
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Polymer
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A chemical compound that is made up of small molecules that are arranged in a simple repeating structure to form a larger molecule.
