Biology Laboratory Techniques

-used to study life on ORGANISM level typical specimens- macroscopic organisms, usually dead: 1. ANIMALS, 2. PLANTS, 3. FUNGI -examining the external and internal MORPHOLOGY of the organism -tools: dissecting pan, scalpel, razor blade, dissecting pins, scissors, probe, dissecting needle, and forceps -TEACHING technique used to learn the anatomy of an organism and gain a better understanding of the physiology of the organism -could also help develop SURGICAL skills

-used to study life on the CELLULAR level typical specimens- microscopic specimens -living cells -using MICROSCOPIC tools to manipulate CELLS and cell parts -tools MICROMANIPULATOR- holds microscopic tools and scales down human movements to microscopic movements microscopic TOOLS- micropipette, microscalpel, microneedle, microelectrodes -used to perform CELL SURGERY, in-vitro fertilization, CLONING techniques, cell research, and genetic ENGINEERING

-used to study life on the ORGANISM level typical specimens- microscopic organisms -BACTERIA, fungi, protozoa, and algae -SIMPLE plants and animals -also used to study life on the CELLULAR level \"TISSUE CULTURE\" -a particular cell line such as stem cells, fibroblasts, or epithelial cells -\"GROWING\" organisms or cells under CONTROLLED conditions growing- increasing in number through the process of reproduction COLONY- all the descendants of a single organism or cell organisms and cells reproduce when conditions provide all their \"NEEDS\" GROWTH REQUIREMENTS 1. living space, 2. FOOD, or materials needed to make food, 3. moisture (water), 4. proper TEMPERATURE, 5. proper pH, 6. appropriate atmospheric GASES

-tools culture container- PETRI DISH FLASK, vial, jar culture medium- agar, saline, water INCUBATOR sterile swab sterile SWAB needle or loop -used to obtain a large number of ORGANISMS or CELLS for study -used to determine if MICROORGANISMS are present in a particular location -IDENTIFICATION of the microorganisms -and determine possible chemicals that can inhabit their growth (sensitivity testing) -tissue cultures are used to diagnose VIRAL infections since cause cell changes -can also be used to obtain large numbers of GENETICALLY ENGINEERED microorganisms which can contain human genes to produce human PROTEINS such as insulin, growth hormone, interferon

-used to study life on the CELLULAR level releases ORGAELLES from cells -used to study life on the CHEMICAL level releases ORGANELLES from cells -BREAKING APART cells to release organelles and/or the chemicals inside -tools, cell fractionator and blender -used to release organelles, such as chloroplasts or mitochondria, or chemicals, such as chlorophyll for further study

-used to study life at the CELLULAR or CHEMICAL level -used of CENTRIFUGAL FORCE to separate the parts of a mixture based upon differences in DENSITY -tools CENTRIFUGE centrifuge tubes ultracentrifuge spins at 40,000- 100,000rpms so can be used to separate different organelles or even large proteins -used to obtain a large number of a specific CELL ORGANELLE for further study -can separate CELLS from body fluids so the cells can be studied further or so the fluid can be CHEMICALLY analyzed without interference from the cells

-separation technique used to study life on the CHEMICAL level PAPER chromatography -separates the parts of a mixture based upon differences in SOLUBILITY and molecular SIZE and WEIGHT -a SOLVENT carries the SOLUTE (parts of the mixture) through pores in paper by CAPILLARY ACTION against the force of gravity -because the solute is a MIXTURE of chemicals with different with different molecular size and weight, they travel with the solvent at different RATES, thus SEPARTATING -tools: container, CHROMATOGRAPHY PAPER, appropriate solvent -used to separate and identify PIGMENTS, such as photosynthetic pigments, in biological solutions

-separation technique use to study life on the CHEMICAL level -separates the parts of a mixture based upon differences in ELECTRICAL CHARGE and molecular SIZE -CHARGED molecules are carried through a porous gel by an ELECTRICAL current -charged molecules MIGRATE toward the opposite pole, molecules that are LARGER and HEAVIER will migrate slower through the gel than molecules that are SMALLER and LIGHTER -tools: ELECTROPHOTORETIC CHAMBER, power supply, agarose gel -used to separate PROTEINS from body fluids for identification; for example a lipoprotein profile distinguished HDL from LDL and a sickle cell anemia screen distinguishes normal hemoglobin from sickle cell hemoglobin -used to separate DNA FRAGMENTS which aid in the diagnosis of genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis -can be used to create a DNA FINGERPRINT for use in forensic studies

-used to study life on the CHEMICAL level -uses LIGHT to chemically analyze samples chemicals ABSORB light at different WAVELENGTHS so measures percent of light absorbed or transmitted through a sample -tools: SPECTROPHOTOMETER and cuvettes -used to determine the wavelength of light biological PIGMENTS, such as chlorophyll, absorb -used to QUANTITATE the amounts of a particular substance, such as glucose, in an organism's body fluids for medical diagnosis or to monitor metabolic activity

-used to collect, store, and analyze DATA -used to SIMULATE processes and enhance IMAGES produced by microscopes and other scanning instruments