Biology II Organic Chemistry Test – Flashcards
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What is an organic compound?
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A compound that has carbon bonded to other atoms and determines structure/function of living things
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What is an inorganic compound?
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Compound that does not contain carbon and hydrogen together (salt)
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What makes up an organic compound?
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A carbon skeleton and functional group
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What is a functional group?
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Area made of different elements that participates in chemical reactions and determines which type of organic molecule will be produced
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What are four functional groups?
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Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, and Amino
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What is a hydroxyl?
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Functional group characterized by -OH; Produces alcohols; Hydrophilic and Polar
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What is a carbonyl?
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Functional group characterized by -CO; Produces Aldehydes and Ketones; Hydrophilic and Polar
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What is an aldehyde?
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Organic compound produced by carbonyl functional group where an Oxygen atom is attached by a double bond at the end of carbon chain
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What is a ketone?
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Organic compound produced by carbonyl functional group where an Oxygen atom is attached by a double bond in the middle of a carbon chain
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What is a carboxyl?
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Functional group characterized by -COOH; Produces Carboxylic Acids; Act as acids (donates protons)
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What is an amino?
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Functional group characterized by -NH2; Produces Amines; Acts as bases (Picks up protons)
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What is an isomer?
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Organic compounds with the same chemical formula but different strucutres
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Structure determines ___________.
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Function
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What is a hydrolysis reaction?
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Reaction in which H2O is added to break compounds down
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What is a dehydration reaction?
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Reaction that removes H2O to bind substances together (Produces excess H2O)
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What is a endergonic reaction?
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Reaction that requires the input of energy
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What is an exergonic reaction?
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Reaction that releases energy
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What is a redox?
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Electron transfer reaction
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What is a monomer?
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Building block of polymer
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What is a polymer?
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Many monomers linked together to form an organic compound
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What are the four groups of macromolecules?
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Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Amino Acids
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What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
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Monosaccharide
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What is a monosaccharide?
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Simple ring of sugar (glucose and sucrose)
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What is a disaccharide?
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Two monosaccharides linked together (sucrose and lactose)
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What is a polysaccharide?
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Many monosaccharides linked together; Complex sugars (starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen)
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What is a pentose?
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Five carbon sugar (Deoxyribose and Ribose)
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What are the functions of carbohydrates?
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Provide short term energy (mono- and disaccharides) and long term energy (polysaccharides) as well as some structural components (Cellulose and chitin)
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True or false: A lipid is hydrophilic.
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False (Lipids are hydrophobic; They repel water)
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What are the functions of lipids?
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Long term energy storage, insulation, and protection
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What are the monomers of lipids?
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Glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains + phosphate group
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What are some examples of lipids?
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Triglycerides (butter), waxes, Vitamin D, steroids, and oils
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True or False: Lipids DO NOT form polymers.
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True
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What is a saturated fat?
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Lipid that contains no double bonds; solidify at room temperature (Bad)
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What is an unsaturated fat?
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Lipids that have a double bond between carbon atoms which causes "kinking"; do NOT solidify at room temperature (Good)
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What is the monomer of a protein?
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Amion Acid
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What bonds amino acids?
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Peptide bonds
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Another name for proteins is?
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Polypeptide
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Amino acids form the building blocks of _________.
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Living organisms
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What are some functions of proteins?
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Support, enzymes, transport, defense, hormones, and motion
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How many amino acids are known to exist?
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20
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What does it mean to be "denatured"?
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Substance is heated to point where it loses its shape and functionality
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What are the four structures of proteins?
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Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary
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What is a primary protein structure?
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Straight line of amino acids
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What is a secondary protein structure?
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Alpha helix or Beta pleated sheet; Parts of polypeptide folded into local patterns
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What is a tertiary protein structure?
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3D shape of protein (many secondary structures put together); Known as a "subunit"
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What is a quaternary protein structure?
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Several tertiary protein structures or "subunits" put together
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What are some examples of proteins?
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Insulin an Hemoglobin
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What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
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Nucleotides
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What is the function of nucleic acids?
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Carry genetic information of cell
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Each nucleotide consists of?
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-Carbon sugar (pentose) -Phosphate group -Nitrogen base (A, T, C, G, U)
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What is ATP?
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High energy molecule that contains two phosphate bonds that can be easily broken to release energy
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What are examples of nucleic acids?
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DNA and RNA
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What nitrogen base is unique to DNA and which is to RNA?
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Thymine (DNA) and Uracil (RNA)
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Lipids are different from other organic compounds because?
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They do not dissolve in water and are hydrophobic
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Which two types of molecules form cell membranes?
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Proteins and phospholipids
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Proteins have a characteristic ________.
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R-Group
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Carbohydrates have a carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ration of?
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1:2:1
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Compare and contrast DNA and RNA
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DNA: Double stranded; N-Bases (T, C, A, G), Deoxyribose, Contains genetic info RNA: Single stranded; N-Bases (U, C, A, G), Ribose, Carry out instructions from DNA
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What protein tells animal cells to store blood glucose and glycogen?
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Insulin
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What protein in red blood cells carries oxygen to body?
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Hemoglobin
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Macromolecule with polar head and nonpolar tail that forms cell membrane
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Phospholipid
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Storage form of glucose used by plants
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Starch
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Storage for of glucose used by animals
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Glycogen
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Structural polysaccharide made from glucose subunit that makes plants sturday
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Cellulose
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Polar molecule made from 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen atoms
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Water
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The suffix -ose means what?
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Sugar
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Saturated fats are full of which element?
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Carbon
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Lipids store more or less energy than carbohydrates?
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More
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Carbon has _____ valence electrons.
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Four
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What is _______ and the _________.
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Inorganic; universal solvent
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What is a hydrocarbon?
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Simplest organic molecule; made from hydrogen and carbon
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Carbon uses its bonds to?
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Attract other carbons and form endless chains
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Lipids are soluble in?
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Hydrophobic solutions
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Triglycerides are formed by?
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Glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains
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What are the bonding sites of an amino acid?
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1 Prime and 5 Prime
