Biology Classification and Kingdoms Study Guide

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Cladistics

Carolus Linnaeus

Sweden

studied medicine to teach

The Little Botanist

Lapland; Royal Society of Scientists

Binomial Nomenclature

two names

Number of stamen and pistils (sexual parts of flower)

University of Uppsala; Holland

the flower part that contains the pollen

a yellow powder; male reproductive cells

the female part of flower

the study of plants

a Dichotomous Key

grouping of objects based on similarities

study of grouping of organisms

Aristotle

Latin

Either or characteristics: appearance, behaviour, molecular structure (DNA), and evolutionary relationships

Eukaryotes have nuclei and have membrane bound organelles.

Domain: Eukarya – eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi. Eukaryotic but lack of complex organ systems. Usually live in moist environments

Domain: Eukarya – consumers that decompose dead organic material and do not move. Heterotrophic and absorb nutrients from dead organic decaying matter.

Domain: Eukarya – multicellular consumers (heterotrophic) that do not have cell walls and tissues are organized into organ systems.

Domain: Archae – unicellular prokaryotic organisms that live in extreme environments.

Domain: Eubacteria – unicellular prokaryotic organisms. AKA- modern bacteria

Domain: Eukarya – multicellular eukaryotes that perform photosynthesis. They have cellulose and tissues organized into organs and organ systems.

One way to organize organisms based on evolutionary relationships

a Common Ancestor

plants

amniotes

a non-living pathogen made of a strand of DNA/RNA surrounded by a protein coat

An infectious particle

No, they must rely on a host to reproduce

the protein shell of a virus

Injecting DNA/RNA into host cell. The cell is taken over and is forced to create parts of virus and put them together.

Bacteriophage

A virus infection where the genetic material of the virus fuses with the genetic material of the host cell and is reproduced along with the cell’s genetic material. Often times the genetic material of the virus with activate and lead the cell into a lyctic infection.

A virus infection that causes the host cell to lyse (or burst) in order to release viruses’ progeny. Cell is taken over and forced to create reproductions of the virus. Once the cell has created progeny it bursts and progeny are released.

Where RNA is transcribed into DNA and enter lysogenic infection. HIV

Prion is an infectuous particle that is comprised of a protein. Always fatal because body has no reaction to protein.

Substance that stimulates body’s immune response against invasion by microbes. A weakened version of strain to help familiarize immune system with strain so when strain is actually introduced, immune system will be able to recognize.

brain

viruses can only connect with certain receptors on host cell.

Antony con Leeunwenhoek; using microscope he invented

Unicellular, one

When cells assign different jobs or roles among themselves and change into different cell types. (Does not occur in prokaryotes)

RNA that infect plants

Helical – cylinder shape, affects plants only.

sphere shape

rod shaped

spiral shape (rare)

Polyhedral – \”phelomorphic\”, geometric shape (triangles connected together into polyhedral shape), ex- common cold

Enveloped – Spherical shape, often have spikes, ex- flu

Binal – \”spaceship\”, affect bacteria only

need oxygen to survive

die in presence of oxygen

don’t use oxygen, but can survive in it

use oxygen when present but can live anaerobically when oxygen is absent

extremophiles that live in extreme conditions (bacteria)

modern day bacteria with peptidoglycan in their cell walls

a polymer present in the cell walls of Eubacteria

stains purple if peptidoglycan is present (Eubacteria), stains red/pink if only thin layer of peptidoglycan (Archae)

circular chromosome is copied then split without spindle apparatus. Bacteria

conjunction

invade and attack cells or make toxins that are carried throughout organism

antibiotics (cannot be overdosed or bacteria gain resistance)

Break down cell walls of bacteria, then white blood cells can eat bacteria

They enter through scabs and cuts and trick host into leaving it alone

antibiotics don’t work because no cell wall and capsids change rapidly. Some can be cured with vaccine, some must \”run their course\” and some have no cure.

live in extremely salty water

live without oxygen (and produce methane)

live in extremely hot acidic water

50-200 nanometers

Common cold, influenza, HIV

Acne, tuberculosis

Flagella

any organism that is not a plant, animal, or fungi is put here

get nutrition

unicellular, heterotrophic or parasitic

move by psuedopodia (temporary extension of cytoplasm)

move by Cilia for movement and feeding

disease causing, usually immobile

move by flagella (one or more) at some point in their life. Flagella is extension of cytoplasm

unicellular, multicellular, or colonial; grouped by photosynthetic pigments. Reproduce by mitosis or alternation of generations

unicellular, flagella, pellicle (flexible covering on cell surface like cell wall), chlorophyll a or b

unicellular, 2 flagella, some bioluminescant

unicellular, algae with cell wall of silica, release O2 by photosynthesis, made of two parts that fit over each other, symmetrical

Red Algae: red pigment, grow at deep depths, absorb blue pigment Green Algae: multicellular, early ancestors to land plants Brown Algae (phaeophyta): multicellular, grow very large, sushi/kelp

Contractile vacuole: pump water throughout cell Macronucleus: controls cell’s structure and activities Micronucleus: contain chromosomes Oral groove: mouth Food vacuole: digest food particles that are swept into oral groove

Decomposers, at some point in their life are mobile

single mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei; move with psuedopodia; absorb material as move along

many cells coming together, thousands of cells (fuse?) into one giant cell; small amoeba like cells

branching strands; decomposers or parasitic; potato famine

heterotrophic, break down dead organic material

help create drugs, antibiotics, and foods (beer, yogurt, bread, etc)

Fungi are genetically and chemically close to animals

True

Chitin

They are made of hyphae (long strands where cytoplasm flow freely). A mycellium is an underground group of hyphae. The flowering body is the part of fungus above ground, it is the reproductive body of the fungus.

They grow the hyphae through the material. Digestive enzymes break down material and allow hyphae to absorb.

Zygomycota (bread molds), Chytridiomycota/Deuteromycota (primitive fungi/imperfect), Ascomycota (sac fungi), and Basidiomycota (club fungi). By mode of reproduction.

False, they are the oldest

True

because they have an ascus (sac) that holds the spores for reproduction

Sac fungi

Bread molds

Primitive fungi

Club fungi

flagella

penicillum, yeasts, morels truffles

A symbiotic relationship between the roots of a plant and a fungi.

The fungi fix nitrogen into nitrates and ammonia for plant to use.

mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs

A symbiotic relationship or mutualistic relationship of a fungus and an algae. The fungus provides shelter for algae. Algae provides nutrition for fungi. (They are indicators of good air quality)

If the mode of reproduction is not known, the fungus is put in this group.

Budding and Simple Fission (Be able to explain the two)

Gametes are produced and must fuse together to create diploid cell. Diploid cell must go through meiosis (genetic variation) to create haploid mycellium. (Often times gametes are spores)

It allows the fungus to spread throughout an area/disperse across a region.

Porifera

asymmetrical, few radial

No tissues or organs. No appendages. Sessile mostly. Internal skeleton of Silica. Filter feeders by water circulation through pores.

Cnidaria

Radial Symmetry. Incomplete digestive tract. Polyp body type: sessile, medusa body (jellyfish). Loose tissue layers. Stinging cells for offense and defense. Secrete silica around body.

nettle

Platyhelminthes

Platyhelminthes

Biliateral symmetry. Incomplete digestive tract. Primitive nervous system. Ribbon like body often.

Nematoda

Bilateral. Parasitic and free living. Complete digestive tract. No true segmentation in body. Soil nematodes.

stomach foot

mollusca

Complete digestive tract. Enclosed in thin material secreted. Shells are either 1, 2, or 8 parts. Nervous system with nerve cord.

Annelida

little ring

ringlike segments. Bilateral. Move by use of fluid filled hydrostatic skeleton. Complete digestive tract. Free living, some ectoparasitic.

Arthropoda

Biggest most diverse phylum. Body is segmented and exoskeleton of chitin.

Crustacea, Arachnida, and Insecta

Phylum- Arthropoda. Bilateral. True millipedes. Have many many legs. Chilopoda and Diplopoda

have claws on first segment and poison glands. Each segment has one pair of legs

\”double legs\”. Most prey on vegetation. Each segment has two pairs of legs

Echniodermata

Radial symmetry in adults, bilateral in larvae. Some are sessile, some have arms for crawling. No head or brain. Skin with tiny projections

Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, cartilage skeleton fish), Osteichthyes (bony fish), Amphibia (frogs), Reptilia (lizards, snakes), Mammalia (humans, kangaroos), Aves (birds).

Heterotrophs, sexual reproduction, bilateral symmetry, complete digestive tract.

True. Both do photosynthesis, use starch for storage, and have walls of cellulose.

Retaining moisture, transporting resources, growing upright, reproducing without water.

They developed cuticle covering to keep moisture in and stomata for gas exchange.

They developed a vascular system

used lignin to support tissues

developed pollen grains and seeds

Allow plant to distribute resources leading to larger growth.

The reproductive structure of gymnospores.

The reproductive structure of flowering plants (amniosperms most)

The mature ovary of a flower

When pollen meets the female reproductive parts of the same plant species.

1 Cotyledon. Parallel veins. flower part multiples of 3, scattered vascular tissue.

2 Cotyledons. Net like veins. flower part multiples of 4/5. ringed vascular tissue

An embryonic leaf inside a seed.

flowering plants that mature, produce flowers, and die in one year. Corn

flowering plants that mature produce flowers and die in two years. carrots

Parenchyma: thin an flexible. Collenchyma: cells that have walls Sclerenchyma: cells that have thick rigid walls and support plant after death

Covers outside of plant for protection. Made of parenchyma.

Inside tissues of plant for support and structure. Made of all 3. Hold chloroplast

transports water and minerals to all parts of plant. Made of xylem and ploem.

Transports water and dissolved materials.

Transports products of photosynthesis and food.

Growth of shoot system (apical meristem) growth of new stems and structures.

Growth laterally. Or widening of stems shoots, and roots

Water based, no vascular tissue. Mosses, liverwarts and hornwarts

Water based, has vascular tissue. Mosses, ferns and clubs

Seeds in cone. Has vascular tissue. Usually conifers, gingkos and cycads.

Seeds in fruit, usually produce flowers and nectar. Attract animals to help spread seeds. Most flowering plants: african violet.

Guard cells

Epidermis