Biology Chapter 12 Questions – Flashcards

By observing bacterial transformation, Avery and other scientists discovered that the nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation of bacteria to the next.

Hershey and Chase's experiment with bacteriophage confirmed Avery's results, convincing many scientists that DNA was the genetic material found in genes - not just in virus and bacteria, but in all living cells.

The DNA that makes up genes must be capable of storing, copying, and transmitting the genetic information in a cell.

DNA is a nucleic acid made up of nucleotides joined into long strands or chains by covalent bonds.

The clues in Franklin's X-ray pattern enabled Watson and Crick to build a model that explained the specific structure and properties of DNA.

The double-helix model explains Chargaff's rule of base pairing and how the two strands of DNA are held together.

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA.

Replication in most prokaryotic cells starts from a single point and proceeds in two directions until the entire chromosome is copied. In eukaryotic cells, replication may begin at dozens or even hundreds of places on the DNA molecule, proceeding in both directions until each chromosome is completely copied.

Griffith viewed from his experiments that through transformation, one type of bacteria because a harmful form, showing the transforming factor had to be a gene. Avery concluded from his work that specifically DNA, or nucleic acid transferred the bacterial genetic information.

Avery changed between types of molecules including protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid.

Hershey and Chase concluded that DNA was the genetic material found in all living things.

The DNA contained sulfur, and by putting phosphorus on the DNA, the radioactive substance was easier to recognize because it stood out. It was the same with the protein coat which had lots of phosphorus but no sulfur.

DNA must store, copy, and transmit information.

Storing information is important because the loss of DNA will lead to a loss of genetic information.

DNA is a nucleic acid made up of nucleotides joined into long strands or chains by covalent bonds. The nitrogenous bases are made of four kinds: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

Hydrogen bonds are weak chemical forces allowing DNA to easily split and create a template for new DNA to form from.

Rosalind Franklin placed strands of DNA so they were parallel and took an X-Ray diffraction photograph showing the double helix. Watson and Crick then used this photograph to create an accurate model depicting the double helix twisting around.

DNA is a very small substance and can't be seen with a simple microscope.

Watson and Crick's breakthrough model of DNA was a double helix, in which two strands of nucleotide sequences were wound around each other.

The DNA molecule separates into two strands and then produces two new complementary strands following the rule of base pairing. Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template, or model, of the new strand.

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA. DNA also "proofreads" each new DNA strand, so that each molecule is a near-perfect copy of the original.

In prokaryotes, DNA is a single, circular DNA molecule in the cytoplasm, containing nearly all the cell's genetic information. In eukaryotes, DNA is found in the nucleus, packaged into chromosomes. DNA packed together with proteins forms a substance known as chromatin.

Damaged DNA being replicated can alter genes and produce serious consequences.