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gregor Mendel used pea plants to study

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the inheritance of traits

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Offspring that result from crosses between parents with different traits

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are called hybrids

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Gregor Mendel removed the male parts from the flowers of some plants in order to

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make controlled crosses between plants

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The chemical factors that determine traits are

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genes

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Gregor Mendel concluded that traits are

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inherited through the passing of factors from parents to offspring

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When Gregor Mendel crossed a tall plant with a short plant, the F1 plants inherited

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an allele for tallness from the tall parent and an allele for shortness from the short parent

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The principle dominance states that

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some alleles are dominant and others are recessive

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When Gregor Mendel crossed true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding short plants, all that offspring were tall because

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the allele for tall plants in dominant

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If a pea plant has a recessive allele for green peas, it will produce

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green peas if it does not also have a dominant allele for yellow peas

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A tall plant is crossed with a short plant. If the tall F1 pea plants are allowed to self-pollinate,

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some of the offspring will be short.

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In the P generation, a tall plant was crossed with a short plant. Short plants reappeared in the F2 generation because

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the allele for shortness and the allele for tallness segregates when the F1 plants produced gametes

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In the P generation, a tall plant was crossed with a short plant. If alleles did not segregate during gamete formation,

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all of the F2 plants would be tall

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When you flip a coin, what is the probability that it will come up tails?

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1/2

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the principles of probability can be used to

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predict the traits of the offspring produced by genetic crosses

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In the P generation, a tall plant is crossed with a short plant. The probability that an F2 plant will be tall is

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25%

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Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be

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homozygous

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A Punnett square does not show

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the actual results of a genetic cross

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If you made a Punnett square showing Gregor Mende's cross between true-breeding tall plants and true-breeding short plants, the square would show that the offspring had

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a genotype that was different from that of both parents

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What principle states that during gamete formation genes for different traits separate without influencing each other's inheritance?

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principle of independent assortment

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How many different allele combinations would be found in the gametes produced by pea plant whose genotype was RrYY?

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2

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If a pea plant that is heterozygous for round, yellow peas (RrYy) is crossed with a pea plant that is homozygous for round peas but heterozygous for yellow peas (RRYy), how many different phenotypes are their offspring expected to show?

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2

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Situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that gene are called

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incomplete dominance

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A cross of black chicken (BB) with a white chicken (WW) produces all speckled offspring (BBWW). This type of inheritance is known as

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codominance

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Variation in human skin color is an example of

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polygenic traits

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Gregor Mendel's principles of genetics apply to

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all organisms

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Why did Thomas Hunt Morgan use fruit flies in his studies?

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Fruit flies produce a large number of offspring

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a male and female bison that are both heterozygous for normal skin pigmentation (Aa) produce an albino offspring (aa). Which of Mendel's principles explain(s) why the offspring is albino?

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dominance and segregation

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The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the symbol

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N

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If an organism's diploid number is 12, its haploid number is

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6

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Gametes have

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one allele for each gene

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Chromosomes form tetrads during

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prophase I of meiosis

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What happens between meiosis I and meiosis II that reduces the number of chromosomes?

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Replication does not occur

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of

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haploid cells

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of

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four genetically different cells

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Crossing-over rarely occurs in mitosis, unlike meiosis. Which of the following is the likely reason?

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tetrads rarely form during meiosis

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What assorts independently?

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chromosomes

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Linked genes

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are on the same chromosome

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If the gene for seed color and the gene for seed shape in pea plants were linked,

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Mendel's F2 plants would have exhibited a different phenotype ratio for seed color and seed shape

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Gene maps are based on

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the frequencies of crossing-over between genes

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If two genes are on the same chromosomes and rarely assort independently,

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the genes are probably located close to each other

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The farther apart two genes are located on a chromosome, the

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less likely they are to be inherited together

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A trait is a specific characteristic that VARIES from one individual to another. t/f

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true

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Gregor Mendel concluded that the tall plants in the P generation passed the factor for TALLNESS to the F1 generation. t/f

answer

true

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An organism with a dominant allele for a particular form of a trait will SOMETIMES exhibit that trait. t/f

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false; always

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True-breeding plants that produced axial flowers were crossed with true-breeding plants that produced terminal flowers. the resulting offspring produced terminal flowers because the allele for terminal flowers is RECESSIVE. t/f

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false;dominant

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When alleles segregate from each other, they JOIN. t/f

answer

false; separate

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If the alleles for a traits did not segregate during gamete formation, offspring would ALWAYS show the trait of at least one of the parents. t/f

answer

true

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The principle of probability can EXPLAIN the numerical results of Mendel's experiments. t/f

answer

true

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The probability that a gamete produced by a pea plant heterozygous for stem height (Tt) will contain the recessive allele is 100%. t/f

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50%

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If two speckled chickens are mated, according to the principle of codominance, 25% of the offspring are expected to be speckled. t/f

answer

50%

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Coat color in rabbits is determined by a single gene that has MULTIPLE ALLELES. t/f

answer

true

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If an organism has 16 chromosomes in each of its egg cells, the organism's DIPLOID number is 32. t/f

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true

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If an organism is heterozygous for a particular gene, the two different alleles will be separated during ANAPHASE II of meiosis, assuming that no crossing-over has occurred. t/f

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false; anaphase I

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Mitosis results in two cells, whereas meiosis results in ONE CELL. t/f

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false; 4 cells

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If an organism has four linkage groups, it has EIGHT chromosomes. t/f

answer

false; four

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Genes in the same linkage group are usually inherited SEPARATELY. t/f

answer

false; together

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The plants that Gregor Mendel crossed to produce the F1 generation made up the ____ generation.

answer

P

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The different forms of a gene are celled ____.

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alleles

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If the allele for shortness in pea plants were dominant, all the pea plants in Medel's F1 generation would have been ____.

answer

short

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If the alleles for traits in pea plants did not segregate during gamete formation, offspring that were recessive for a trait could be produced only by crossing two plants that were ____ for that trait.

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recessive

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____ is the likelihood that a particular event will occur.

answer

Probability

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If you flip a coin five times and it comes up heads each time, the probability that it will come up heads the next time is ____.

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1/2

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scientific study of heredity

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genetics

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during sexual reproduction male and female reproductive cells join

answer

fertilization

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self-pollination

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true-breeding

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specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another

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trait

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offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

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hybrids

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chemical factors that determine traits

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genes

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different forms of a gene

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alleles

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separation

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segregation

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sex cells

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gametes

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likelihood that a particular event will occur

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probability

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diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross

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Punnett square

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organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait

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homozygous

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organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait

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heterozygous

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physical characteristics

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phenotype

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genetic makeup

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genotype

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genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. It also helps account for many genetic variations observed in plants, animals, and other organisms.

answer

independent assortment

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one allele is not completely dominant over another

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incomplete dominance

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both alleles contribute to the phenotype

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codominace

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genes having more than two alleles

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multiple alleles

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traits controlled by two or more genes

answer

polygenic traits

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each of the 4 chromosomes that came from the male parent has a corresponding chromosomes that came from the female parent.

answer

homologous

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a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes that means "two sets"

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diploid

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contain only a single set of chromosomes and a single set of genes that means "one set"

answer

haploid

question

a process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

answer

meiosis

question

chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a structure

answer

tetrad

question

exchange of portions of chromatids

answer

crossing-over

question

showing the relative locations of each known gene on a Drosophila chromosomes

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gene map

question

The principle of independent assortment states that ____ for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.

answer

genes

question

If pea plants that are homozygous for round, yellow seeds (RRYY) were crossed with pea plants that are heterozygous for round, yellow seeds (RrYy), the expected phenotype(s) of the offspring would be ____.

answer

round yellow seeds

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Crossing a pink-flowered four o'clock with a white-flowered four o'clock will produce pink-flowered offspring and ____-flowered offspring.

answer

white

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An organism's gametes have ____ the number of chromosomes found in the organism's body cells.

answer

half

question

Crossing-over occurs during the stage of meiosis called ____.

answer

prophase I

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