Biology Chapter 10 Test Questions – Flashcards
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A healthy young couple are both carriers of cystic fibrosis, the chance that each of their future children will inherit this serious illness is:
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25%
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A portion of DNA that encodes a specific protein is:
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A Gene
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Gametes may carry different combinations of alleles because of:
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Crossing over and random alignment of chromosomes
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Genotype means:
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The combination of alleles in an individual
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Linked genes, by definition, are genes that:
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Are found on the same chromosome
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The fact that the two alleles of each gene are packaged into separate gametes; that they move apart from each other during gamete formation is Mendel's:
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Law of segregation
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Homologous chromosomes have:
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the same genes but can have different alleles
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If the two alleles for a particular gene are identical the gene pair is
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homozygous
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If the two alleles for a particular gene are different the gene pair is
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heterozygous
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If an individual is heterozygous for a particular trait
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Each parent contributed a different allele for that trait
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If an individual is homozygous for a particular trait
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each parent contributed the same allele for that trait.
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Phenotype means:
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the observable expression of the genes in an individual.
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Two alleles of each gene are packaged into separate gametes and they move apart from each other during gamete formation summarizes Mendel's
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Law of segregation
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Recombinant chromosomes have a mix of paternal and maternal alleles due to
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Cross over
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The chromosome that determines human gender is
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the Y chromosome
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Expression of X chromosome in males expresses
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Both the dominant and recessive alleles on his X chromosome.
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correct order in which they occur: fertilization, haploid gametes produced, meiosis of diploid cell, and new diploid organism formed.
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meiosis of diploid cell, haploid gametes produced, fertilization, new diploid organism formed
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The wide variation in skin color in humans is best explained by
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Skin color is a polygenic traits.
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Evolution
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The genetic change in a population over time.
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According to Darwin, natural selection usually:
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Preserves favorable variations and rejects harmful variations in a population
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The relatively short term changes in allele frequencies within a species or population is:
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Microevolution
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The entire collection of genes and their alleles is a population's:
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Gene pool
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The mode of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is fittest and the environment selects against the others is:
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Directional selection
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Darwin made which observation while on his four- year voyage on the Beagle?
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Organisms are varied and some variations are inherited
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Babies that are at a low birth weight are more likely to have health problems, while women will have difficulty delivering babies with high birth weight. Together this leads to ______ for babies of average birth weight.
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Stabilizing selection
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Natural selection acts on
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Individuals
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The founder effect occurs when
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small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves.
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A gradual change from an ancestral type was referred to by Darwin as
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descent with modification.
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An organisms phenotype is
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Its observable properties
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The mode of natural selection in which two or more extreme phenotypes are fitter than the intermediate phenotype is
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disruptive selection.
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Individuals whose red blood cells are the correct shape and are able to resist malaria have a better chance of reaching reproductive age. This is known as
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heterozygote advantage.
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At Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
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allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next so evolution does not occur.
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Darwin obtained which of the following in the Essay on the Principle of Population by Malthus?
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More individuals of a population are born than survive to reproduce.
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Darwin concluded from his observations of nature and readings that
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individuals compete with one another for limited resources and only the fittest reproduce.
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The bottleneck effect
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occurs when many members of a population die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity.
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Evolution cannot occur in
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a single organism.
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Farmers and horticulturalists bred broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through _____.
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artificial selection
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The few ancestors of the Galapagos finches who colonized the islands is an example of
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founder effect
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Why do different mutations accumulate in two species once they diverge?
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Because they can no longer mate and swap the mutation
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The observation that most aquatic animals, like fish, penguins, and whales all have streamlined bodies and fins or flippers for steering are a result of:
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Convergent evolution
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The number of differences between human cytochrome c and cytochrome c of some other organisms is as follows: Rhesus monkey - 1 difference; Pigeon - 12 differences; Fruit fly - 24 differences. The order in which these species are most similar to humans is:
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Rhesus monkey, pigeon, fruit fly
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f similarities between two structures in different organisms reflect common ancestry, these structures are:
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Homologous
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The abundant remains of ammonites in Oklahoma indicate
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that Oklahoma was in the past covered by a shallow ocean.
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Earth once consisted of a single large landmass and one ocean. The landmass is named
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Pangaea
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The wings of a bat and an insect are examples of
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analogous structures.
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The femur in a snake and pelvis in a whale are examples of
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vestigial structures.
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A fossil is defined as any evidence of an organism from
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at least 10,000 years ago.
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A gene that when mutated leads to organisms with structures in abnormal places is termed
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homeotic.
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Which of the following is most likely to be preserved as a fossil?
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a Bone or a shell
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Amphibians, birds, and mammals look the most similar as _____.
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embryos
