Biology Anatomy And Physiology Test Questions – Flashcards
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cells
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These form tissues
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tissues
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These form organs
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organs
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These form systems
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systems
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These form complex organisms
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Tissue Types
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Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve
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Epithelial Tissue
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Think sheet like, covers interior and exterior surfaces
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Simple Epithelial Tissue
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Single flat layer
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Columnal Epithelial Tissue
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tall column like
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Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue
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square shaped
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Connective Tissue
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Most abundant tissue. It is used to connect and support the body and organs
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Types of connective Tissue
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Bone, cartilage, and blood
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muscle tissue
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composed of elongated cells. Protein fibers make up the back of the cell. Its function is to move things
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Nervous Tissue
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Its function is too transmit, process and respond stimuli
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Organs
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These are composed of the 4 main tissues. Its function is to form systems that interact with each other
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Homeostasis
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Maintaining control when those around you are losing it. Must maintain pH, temperature, water balance, oxygen/ CO2
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Feedback systems
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Using information to regulate processes
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Negative feedback
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change is detected and the system responds to regulate back to normal. MOST COMMON
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Positive Feedback
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change causes an amplification of that stimulus, usually part of a large negative feedback scheme
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Endotherms
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Animals that must regulate their own body temperatures (warm-blooded)
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Ectotherms
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Animals that are impacted by the external environment (cold-blooded)
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Conduction
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Transfer of heat from contact
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Convention
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Cycling of medium to distribute heat
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Radiation
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Transfer of heat without contact
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Evaporation
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Heat loss due to a phase change (liquid-gas)
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Internal Skeletal system
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consists of internal stuctures
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external Skeletal System
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consists of hardened shell type stuctures
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hydrostatic skeletal system
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consists of fluid filled closed chambers
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Hydrostatic muscle
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This generates pressure, that give animal shape
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Axial Skeleton
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Main frame consists of skull, spine sternum and ribs
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Appendicular skeleton
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Everything that hangs off the axial skeleton (arms, legs, pelvis, scapula, and clavicle)
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Skeleton
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This provides structure, support, mineral storage, and red blood cell storage`
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Bone Structure
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This is lightweight, but very strong. It is composed of cells embedded in a mineralized calcium and collagen matrix
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compact bone
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Composed of mineral crystals, and protein fibers
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spongy bone
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boney lattice work that provides structure
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osteoblasts
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cells that form in small openings surrounded by minerals. This forms new bone cells
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osteoclasts
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cells that reabsorb bone tissues which helps to reshape the skeleton for growth and preformance
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fixed joints
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prevent movement
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semi- movable
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limited movement
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movable
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allow range of motion
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Hinge
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Gives back and forth movement (elbow and knee)
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Ball and Socket
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Full rotation (shoulder and hip)
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Saddle
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rotate appendage (base of thumb)
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pivot
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Rotational and up and down motion (Head and Spine)
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gliding
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allow bones to slide over each other (Hands and feet)
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Muscle
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contractile tissue that moves the skeleton
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myofibris
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Tiny fibers that make up muscles
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Antagonistic muscle pair
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These allow for movement on both directions
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Tendons
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These attach the muscle to the bone
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glucose
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used for energy for muscle contraction
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Fatigue
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This happens when cells run out of glucose/glycogen and fat
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Skin
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What is the Integumentary system. This can repair itself, regulates body temperature, gets rid of body waste, and protects against infection and UV radiation.
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Epidermis
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the outer layer of the skin
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Dermis
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Inner layer of the skin
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sweat glands
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These cool the body
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circulatory system
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Composed of lymphatic and cardiovascular systems. Its function is to deliver nutrients and remove waste, and helps in thermal regulation
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open system
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blood supply comes in contact with the organs and tissues
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Closed system
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blood stays closed within the vessel or in the heart
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one circuit system
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heart pumps de-oxygenated blood only. The blood leaves heart flow to other organs
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two circuit system
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heart pumps blood into two circuits; birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians have this
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Heart circulation
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blood leaves the heart and is directed 2 different ways during this
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Pulmonary circulation
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Heart --> Lungs --> Heart
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systematic circulation
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Heart--> body--> heart
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Heart beat cycle
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Ventricles contract and push blood when they contract valves open when they relax, the valves fall shut, causing a beating noise
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Blood Pressure
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Each time the heart beats the four chambers go through the systole (contraction) phase and the diastole (relaxation) phase.
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Blood Pressure
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This measures the pressure in the artery as contraction arrives
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Average human blood pressure
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120/80
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Systolic
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peak pressure in arteries
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diastolic
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lowest pressure in arteries
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Baroreceptors
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monitors blood pressure
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Artery
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Main transporter of oxygenated blood
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Arterioles
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diameter is adjusted to regulate blood flow
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Capillaries
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diffusion occurs across thin walls
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The Venous system
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Blood flows from capillaries into venules, then on to veins
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Capillary beds
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Gases and nutrients are delivered to the cells, and waste is removed
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Sino Atrial
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Also called the (SA node), this triggers the AV nodes and initiates its own impulse
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AV nodes
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Causes ventricles to contract
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lymph
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Composed of water and interstitial fluid (fluid between cells)
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Roles of lymphs
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Reclaim, retrieve, and protect
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reclaim
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when the lymph system reclaims this and other fluids and returns them to the circulatory system
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retrieve
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takes up fats that the body has absorbed
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protect
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delivers pathogens, foreign cells and materials and cellular debris from the body tissues to the lymph nodes for disposal
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blood
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Its function is to transport nutrients and oxygen to the tissues, and it removes waste and carbon dioxide away from the tissues, transfers heat to the surface, and it helps defend against disease
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liquid connective tissue
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What is blood made of?
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Erythogens
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transports oxygen, formed in the red bone marrow, produces hemoglobin, lives up to 180 days
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leukocytes
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Defends against disease
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platelets
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Cell fragments that are from cells formed in bone marrow, they are the first step in blood clot formation
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respiratory system
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brings oxygen to the vascular system, helps in removal of waste
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Mechanical
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food is broken into smaller pieces
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chemical
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breaking down nutrients into usable molecules
