Biology 101 Test 3 – Flashcards
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Each chromosome contains ________.
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DNA and proteins
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You can detect DNA that is specifically from the X chromosome in a DNA sample from a person. Why can't you definitively determine the gender of the person from the presence of the x chromosome?
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both b and c both have x chromosomes, must check for y chromosomes
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Human red blood cells are enucleated(that is, they do not have nuclei). Is it possible to isolate DNA from red blood cells. Why or why not?
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No, the genomic DNA is found only in nucleated cells
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DNA replication is said to be semiconservative because a newly replicated, double stranded DNA molecules consists of _______.
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one old strand and one new strand
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Which of the following statements about PCR is TRUE?
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DNA polymerase is the enzyme that copies DNA in PCR
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What naturally occurring process does PCR mimic in a test tube?
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DNA replication
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If you start with one copy of a DNA fragment, how many rounds of PCR will it take to end up with a total of 32 copies?
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5
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Complete the following statements regarding the steps necessary to copy a DNA sequence during PCR: 1. The two original strands of DNA molecule that can be separated by ____. 2. The enzyme _____ "reads" each template strand and adds ____ to make a new strand.
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1) heat, 2) polymerase; complementary nucleotides
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From the STRs used in forensic investigation, which STRs on which chromosomes would be particularly useful in determining
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Y chromosome STR
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A protein is made up of a chain of _____.
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amino acids
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_____ amino acids tend to be found folded inside a protein, whereas ___ amino acids interact with water on the outside of the protein.
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hydrophobic; hydrophilic
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What determines a proteins function?
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the three-dimensional shape of the folded protein
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What determines how a protein folds?
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the interaction of the side chains of each individual amino acid
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____ on mRNA interact with ____ on tRNA to allow the _____ to connect with amino acids in the correct order during translation
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Codons; anticodons; ribosome
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Which of the following series has the stages of mitosis in the proper order?
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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What would be the result if a cell completed interphase and mitosis but failed to complete cytokinesis?
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a and b - you would only have one cell, you would have twice as many chromosomes as the parent cell
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A normal cell that sustains irreparable DNA damage will most likely _____.
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die by apoptosis
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Which checkpoint prevents a normal cell from completing its cell cycle if it has not accurately replicated its DNA?
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interphase (G2-M)
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Which is the best definition of cancer?
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a disease in which unregulated cell division occurs
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Cell cycle checkpoints are present to ____.
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a and b - ensure that cancer does not occur, ensure that each step of the cell cycle occurs accurately
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When your skin cells are exposed to UV light, such as in a tanning bed, DNA damage can occur. If one of these severely UV-irradiated skin cells is given a signal to divide, what are the plausible outcomes?
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The cell will go through apoptosis, after the damage is detected
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Why would the cell make apoptosis the default mechanism when a problem in the cell cycle is detected?
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Apoptosis ensures that the cell dies instead of leading to cancer
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Which of the following properties should a promising new ovarian cancer drug have?
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blocks mitosis in cancerous cells
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What is the purpose of careful primer design before PCR
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primers declare specific place to amplify
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An STR from 1 person differs from others by
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number of times sequence is repeated
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Which represents genetic variation between individuals
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presence of STR's on the genome
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Gel electrophoreses separates DNA based on
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size(length)
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The sequence of DNA used DNA profiling
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genome
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Which STR will have migrated furthest in gel electrophoreses
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GAAC repeated twice
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Studying a DNA profile of an individual looking at results with 1 STR sites. How many bands will you see?
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either 1 or 2
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Which of the following people will have DNA least similar
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your mothers brother
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DNA evidence can give investigators information about
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Family relations, individual, location
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How many STRs are typically used to create a profile
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15
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No perfect matches. 1 profile has at least 1 band in common with DNA at every STR site. Most likely conclusion?
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Parent child relationship exists between DNA collected
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From the STRS used in forensics, which determines gender?
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Y chromosome STR
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What demonstrates a proteins function
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3D shape
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What describes amino acid side chains
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unique functions, correct folding
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Heating a protein causes it to (?). What happens to its function
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not be functional, 3D shape dictates function
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Which describes how genes, chromosomes, and proteins relate
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none are true
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What is the final product of a gene expression
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protein
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Correctly indicates a functional location
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GRNA work on cytoplasm
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____ is the product of transcription _____ is the product of translation
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MRNA, protein
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Sequence ATCGATTG, what is the RNA complement
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UAGCTAAC
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What controls the timing of gene expression?
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Regularity sequence for a gene
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Two ways a person can be different in anti thrombin
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mutation regularity sequence, coding region of gene
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Which of the following parts of translation will be disrupted by a mutation in the coding region of a gene
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codon of MRNA
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How do the redundant properties of the genetic code protect humans from mutations
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Some mutations will not change amino code
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Why is recombinant protein production in the milk of transgenic animals efficient
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all of the above
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How did scientists allow the gene for antithrombin so it could be isolated
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attached to reg goat human coding sequence
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Side effects of chemo
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all of the above
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Why are companies eager to design GMA
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a,b,c
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What is a GMO
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Any modified organism that produces product
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What statement about GMO organisms are true
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produce more complex proteins
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Type 1 diabetes results in loss of insulin, how would you cure the disease instead of treating it
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gene therapy
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Following mitosis and cytogenesis, daughter cells are
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genetically identical each other, parent
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InWhich of the following processes require normal cell division
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all of the above
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During which stage of the cell cycle are sister chromotids produced
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anaphase
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in the cell cycle, DNa is replicated during
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S
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During which stage of cell cycle are sister chromatids visualized
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Prophase
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Cell cycle order
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GI,S,G2,mitosis, cytokenesis
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Which stage does the cell spend the most time
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Interphase
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Result if cell completed interphase and mitosis but fail to complete cytokenesis
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One cell, have as many chromosomes
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Which of the following specific treatments corresponds to reason
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all of the above
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If a patient has metazoic melanoma - is surgery an option
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no, cancer cells have spread
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Which type of cells triggered to go through apoptosis by chemo
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any cell rapid cell division
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Development of chemotherapeutic agents-what factors considered
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all of the above
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Drug from plant-make medication available and save plant
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all of the above
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Important of continued development of chemo agents
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all of the above
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