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Hypotheses

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Possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question

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Controlled variable

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All variables that could influence the dependant variable, need to keep constant throughout the experiment

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Control group

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Group that does not receive the experimental variable

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Sample size/number

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How many times the test is repeated

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Blind experiment

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People an experiment don't know which group they're in

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Double-blind experiment

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No one knows which group is which (researcher doesn't know either!)

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Qualitative Data

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Deals with descriptions, data can be observed but not measured. (Colors, textures, smells, tastes, appearance, beauty, etc...) sounds like quality.

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Quantitative Data

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Deals with numbers, data which can be measured. (Length, height, area, volume, wait, speed, time, temperature, humidity, sound levels, cost, members, ages, etc...) quantitative sounds like quantity

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Scientific theory

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Is broader than a hypothesis, and explains a wide range of observations. It encompasses multiple hypotheses, and is complex and dynamic. These theories go through extensive testing by multiple scientists. They are usually excepted as being accurate, and can change with the new discoveries and data.

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Theory

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A well tested exclamation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses, and enable scientists to make accurate predictions about new situation

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Cell theory

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Fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are composed of cells; but cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and that new cells are produced from existing cells

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Plant cells

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Have a cell wall, have one large vacuole, have chloroplasts since they're producers

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Animal cells

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Have no cell wall, have one or more small vacuole, and don't have chloroplasts

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Nucleus

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The center of an Adam, which contains the protons and neutrons, and cells, structure that contains the cells genetic material in the form of DNA

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plasma membrane

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Straw colored liquid portion of the brain

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cytoplasm

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In eukaryotic cells, all cellular content outside the nucleus; in prokaryotic cells, all of the cells contents

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Cell wall

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Strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells

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Chloroplasts

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Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

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Ribosomes

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Cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein, found throughout the cytoplasm in a cell; the site of protein synthesis

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Endoplasmic reticulum

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Internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells; place where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled

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mitochondrion

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Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

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Lysosomes

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Cell organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell

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Vacuoles

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So organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates

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Golgi Apparatus

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Organelle in cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell

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nucleolus

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A small dent spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase

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Stem cells

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unspecialized cells that can give rise to one or more types of specialized cells

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cell cycle

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series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells

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Stage one

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G1 phase (cell growth)

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Stage two

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S-phase (DNA replication)

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Stage Three

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G2 phase (preparation for mitosis)

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Stage 4

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Cytokinesis and mitosis

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Cytokinesis

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division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

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Mitosis

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Part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides. It is necessary because it is needed in order for the skin to grow properly. (Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

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Cancer

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a disorder in which some of the body cells lose the ability to control growth

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chromosome

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Threadlike structure of DNA and proteins that contains genetic information; and eukaryotes, chromosomes are found in the nucleus; in prokaryotes, they are found in the cytoplasm; there are 46 chromosomes in the human body

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Karyotype

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Micrograph of the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arrange an order of decreasing size

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Haploid

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Refers to a cell that contains only single set of genes

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Diploid

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Term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes

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Meiosis

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Process in which the number of chromosomes Purcell is cut in half the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

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Phenotype

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Physical characteristic of an organism

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Genotype

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Genetic makeup of an organism

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Gene

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Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait; factor that is passed from parent to offspring

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Allele

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One of a number of different forms of a gene

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homozygous

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Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

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Heterotroph

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Organism that obtains food by consuming other living things; also called a consumer

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Autosome

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Chromosome that is not a sex chromosome, also called autosomal chromosomes

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Sex chromosome

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One of two chromosomes that determines an individual's sex

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Dominant

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Stronger allele

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recessive

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Weaker allele

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Parental generation

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The generation of different genotypes that are made, usually for scientific purposes, to produce hybrids

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Co-dominance

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a relationship between two versions of a gene

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sex-linked traits

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Genes located on a sex chromosome

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Chromosomal abnormality

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This is a missing, extra, or a regular portion of chromosomal DNA

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GMO

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Genetically modified organisms

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Evolution

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Change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

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observations from Darwins theory of natural selection

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The struggle for existence, variation and adaptation, survival of the fittest

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Lamarck's theory

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Believe that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws

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Darwin's theory

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(Natural selection) natural selection occurs in any situation in which more individuals are born then can survive, there is natural for heritable variation, and there's variable fitness among individuals

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Selective breeding

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Message of breeding that allows only those organisms with the designed characteristics to produce the next generation

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artificial selection

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Selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits and offspring

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natural selection

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Process by which organisms that are most suited in their environment survive and reproduce the most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

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Evolution

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Change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

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genetic drift

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Random change in allele frequency caused by series of chance occurrences that cause an allele to become more or less common in a population.

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geographic isolation

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Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated by geographic barriers

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reproductive isolation

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Separation of species or population so that they no longer interbreed and evolve into two separate species

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behavioral isolation

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Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations develop differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors that prevent them from breeding

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Temporal isolation

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Form of reproductive isolation in which two or more species reproduces at different times

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Allele frequency

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Number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of alleles in that pool for the same gene

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Gene pool

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All the genes, that are present in a population at any one time

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Kingdoms

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Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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Biome

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A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms

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Biotic factor

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Any living part of the environment with which an organism might interact

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Abiotic factor

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Physical, or nonliving, factor that shapes an ecosystem

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Consumer

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Organism that relies on other organisms for energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph

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Scavenger

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Animal that consumes the carcasses of other animals

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Decomposer

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Organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter

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Producer

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First producer of energy rich compounds that are later used by other organisms

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immigration

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Movement of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population

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Emigration

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Movement of individuals out of an area

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Dependent variable

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Variable that is observed and that changes in response to the Independent variable; also called the responding variable

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Independent variable

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Factor in a controlled experiment that is deliberately change; also called manipulated variable

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biodiversity

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Total of the variety of organisms in the biosphere are; also called biological diversity

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Carrrying capacity

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Largest number of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can support

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Exponential growth

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Growth pattern in which individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate

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Logistic growth

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Growth pattern in which a populations growth slows and then stops following a period of exponential growth

Biology 1 Semester 1 Study Guide – Flashcards

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