Biointeractive – Flashcards
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unicellular: only way to produce multicellular: grow and replace dead/damaged cells
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why is cell division important for both unicellular and multicellular organisms?
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normal cells turnover in skin and gut occurs
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why does cell division remain important to an adult organism even after its fully developed?
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when cells stop dividing to specialize in a structure or function
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cells divide, differentiate, or die. what is differentiation?
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process that eliminates unnecessary cells during development and remain unhealthy or damaged cells in a mature organism
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what is apoptosis? whats its purpose?
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molecular signals that may stimulate or halt cell division, instruct cells to differentiate or initiate cell growth
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what are cell cycle regulators?
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an organism may end up with too few or too many cells
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what happens if cell cycle regulators don't function properly?
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mitosis
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cells go through periods of growth and division. cell division occurs during...
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a cell grows and replicates its DNA
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the rest of the cell cycle is called interphase, during which...
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- checks to make sure cells can proceed to next phase - stimulate or inhibit cell division as well
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in general, what is the purpose of a checkpoint in the cell cycle?
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- a resting or non dividing stage - receives a signal to differentiate, or when resources are insufficient to grow and divide - yes (when injured)
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what is the G0 phase of the cell cycle? which factors determine whether a cell enters G0? can cells leave G0?
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proteins that control the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and can stimulate or inhibit cell cycle progression
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what are cell cycle regulators?
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proto-oncogenes
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stimulatory proteins are encoded by...
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tumor suppressor genes
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inhibitory proteins are encoded by...
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- too much cell division - too little cell division
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cancer is the result of an improperly regulated cell cycle. describe 2 reasons why cells can form tumors
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it stimulates the destruction of proteins
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in some types of colon cancer, stem cells have a mutation in the APC gene. what happens if the APC gene is mutated
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mutated proto-oncogenes that increase stimulation
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normally, proto-oncogenes stimulate the cell cycle. what are oncogenes and how do the affect the cell cycle?
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one, dominant, gain
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to cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require... allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered... . the mutation results in a... of function
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they cause the loss of inhabitation, and it leads to uncontrolled cell division
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normally, tumor suppressor genes inhibit the cell cycle. how do mutated tumor suppressor genes affect the cell cycle?
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both, recessive, loss
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to cause cancer, tumor supressor genes require... allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered... . the mutation results in a... of function
