Biodiversity Ch 35 – Flashcards
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an action carried out by muscles or glands under the control of the nervous system in response to environmental cues
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Behavior
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environmental cues that trigger a response
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Stimuli
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behavior in an evolutionary context
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Behavioral ecology
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Proximate Questions
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How behavior occurs The immediate mechanism for a behavior How do Voles choose their mate?
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Ultimate Questions
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Why a particular behavior occurs. Why did natural selection favor a certain behavior Why did natural selection favor monogamy?
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under strong genetic control and is performed in virtually the same way by all members of a species
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Innate behavior
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unchangeable series of actions triggered by specific stimulus
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Fixed Action Patterns
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-animals learn not to respond to a repeated stimulus that conveys little or no information -Allows animals nervous system to respond to important stimuli (food, mates, and real danger)
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Habituation
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Learning that is limited to a specific time period in an animal's life and is generally irreversible
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Imprinting
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internal representation, or code, of the spatial relationships among objects in an animal's surroundings
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Cognitive Map
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the regular back and forth movement of animals between geographic areas
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Migration
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the ability to associate one environmental feature with another Also learns to link a particular stimulus to a particular outcome
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Associative learning
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learns to associate one of its own behaviors with a positive or negative effect
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Trial and Error Learning
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Learning by observing behavior of others
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social learning
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process carried out by an animal's nervous system to perceive, store, integrate, and use info gathered by the senses
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Cognition
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the process of applying past experience to overcome obstacles in novel situations
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Problem Solving
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mating with multiple partners and with no lasting bond
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Promiscuous
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an individual of one sex mates with several of the other
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Polygamous
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animals that form bonds with a single partner, and both partners care for offspring
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Monogamous
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________ favors mating behaviors that enhance reproductive success
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Natural selection
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Because resources are limited many species settle associated conflicts with _________. Threats, rituals, and combat Fighting to the death is not common
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agonistic behavior
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_______ is a behavior that reduces an individual's fitness while increasing other's in the population ex:Bee stings, alarm calls
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Altruism
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an individuals success at perpetuating its genes by producing its offspring and helping close relatives
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Inclusive fitness
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-natural selection favoring altruistic behavior that benefits relatives -Offspring have a fourth of genes as aunts and uncles
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Kin selection
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Answers to questions about the immediate mechanisms for a behavior are called
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proximate causes
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A _______________ is under strong genetic control
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fixed action pattern
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The modification of behavior based upon specific experiences defines
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learning
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When you successfully study with the stereo on in the background, you are demonstrating
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habituation
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A blue jay hides hundreds of nuts throughout the fall and finds them throughout the winter and spring. The blue jay is most likely finding the stored food by using
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cognitive map
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A big difference between social learning and imprinting is that
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social learning is not limited to a sensitive period.
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The sending of, reception of, and response to signals constitute animal
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communication
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A dog raises its hackles, bares its teeth, and stands high to appear threatening is an example of?
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agnostic behavior
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The need for intense parental care of offspring favors mating systems that are
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monogamous
