Biochemistry – Metabolism Integration – Flashcards
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Energy Overview: Catabolism vs Anabolic
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Reduce energies from fuels = Catabolic - Produce and store Fuels = Anabolic ATP = Intermediate source of energy. ATP derived from glucose, FA, AA
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Glucose
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Cannot be made from FA. Essential for most paths of of metabolism of energy.
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Glycolysis - Function + Organ
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All Major Tissues -Glucose breakdown - anaerorbic energy production
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Gluconeogenesis - Function + Organ
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Liver + Kidney -Glucose synthesis in starvation, trauma or stress
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Glyconeolysis - Function + Organ
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Liver + muscle Breakdown of glycogen stores for glucose production
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Glycogenesis - Function + Organ
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Liver + Muscle Formation of glycogen stores
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Lipogenesis - Function + Organ
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Liver + Adipose Conversion of excess Carbs to Fat.
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Ketogenesis - Function + Organ
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Liver Synthesis of Ketone bodies as alternative fuel
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Beta-Oxidation - Function + Organ
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Liver + Muscle Oxidation of fats for cell energy needs
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Ketone Oxidation - Function + Organ
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Brain, Muscle, Heart Oxidation of ketones for cell energy needs.
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Central of Metabolism Molecule
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Acetyl CoA. Produced by 3 fuels - glucose, FA and AA. - Starting Point for FA synthesis Used for energy, lipogenesis and ketogenesis
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Glucogenic Vs Ketogenic Amino Acids
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Glucogenic - Production of Glucose Ketogenic = production of ketone bodies via their conversio to AcetylCOA Leucine + Lysine are KETOGENIC
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Erythrocyte - Energy Substrate + Metabolic/Cellular Description
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Glucose - Lack Mitochondria - Obligate lactate production
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Heptocytes - Energy Substrate + Metabolic/Cellular Description
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Glucose, FA, AA, Lactate, Fructose, Galactose, Ethanol - Synthesis of Ketone body and FA and gluconeogenesis
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Skeletal Muscle -Energy Substrate + Metabolic/Cellular Description
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Glucose, FA, Aa, Ketone Bodies, fructose -> Availability of substrates for Metabolic and exercise states
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Cardiac Muscle -Energy Substrate + Metabolic/Cellular Description
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Glucose, FA, AA, Ketone Bodies, Lactate ->Metabolic States available substrates
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Smooth Muscle, Retina, GI Tract
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Glucose -> Produces Lactate
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CNS (Brain)
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Glucose , will adapt to use ketone bodies
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Kidneys - Energy Substrate + Metabolic/Cellular Description
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Glucose, Lactate, Glycerol, Ketone bodies -> Produces some glucose
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Adipose Tissue -Energy Substrate + Metabolic/Cellular Description
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Glucose, FA, Fructose
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Well Fed State (definition)
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<4 hours after ingestion of a meal
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Well Fed State (details)
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CHO provide most of the energy needs of the body. Small contribution of FA. => Surplus fuel converted to Glycogen => Excess Pyruvate -> FA in Adipocytes => RBC converts glucose to ATP and lactate => Users of Glucose: Brain RBC, Adipose and Muscle
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PostAbsorptive State (Fasting State) - Definition
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Period after food is completely digest and absorbed up until 18-24 hours afterwards.
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Early Starvation
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Period of time from about 24 hours after last meal until next feeding/death. -> first 5 days.
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Post Absorptive = (Glucose Effects)
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Blood Glucose depends on the ability to synthesize glucose from Glycogen or DeNovo. -> Glycogenolysis provides most of the glucose for the body.
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Post-Absortive - Fatty Acids
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Use of FA as a fuel starts slowly and increase (except brain + RBC) -> INCREASE oxidation to spare Glucose -> Muscle glycogenolysis only provides glucose to the muscles it is stored in.
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Early Starvation = Glucose Effects
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*Important gluconeo takes 10 hrs to activate* -> Early Starvation GLUCONEO kicks in. -> Only meets 25% of glucose demand (lactate + alanine). -> RBC and Brain use most of the glucose (25 and 55%). RBC recycle carbons and send back to liver for synthesis of glucose. -> Oxidation of FA by muscle and other tissues.
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Brain + RBC
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Brain + RBC cannot use FA. FA=> Glycerol + converse glucose on Peripheral tissues. (Important since small CHO reserve, Oligate Requirements, and FA usage decrease glucose usage) => Must hydrolyze proteins to make Glucose.
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Prolonged Starvation (Definition)
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Period of time 1 wk and longer without Food.
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Prolonged Starvation Effects
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Shift from Gluconeogenesis to Lipolysis. Fat = major source of Energy. => Ketone Concentration in blood rises => Fat breakdown release glycerol for Gluconeo... glucose for brain and RBC.
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Ketone Bodies + Prolonged Starvation
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=> Ketones used in prolong for BRAIN and RBC. => High ketones prevents proteolysis => Once no more ketones, gluconeo stop and BG DECLINES. => 3 month survival. => Begins Degradation of Esential Muscles.
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Sprinting Vs Long Distance Fuel Usage
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Sprinting = Creatine Phosphate and Muscle Glycogen -> 70% Fast Twitch Type II Long Distance = BG and Fatty Acids. -> 70% Slow Twitch Type I
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White (Fast Twitch Muscle)
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Large High Glycogen Content Creatine Phosphate (15s energy) Fast Conduction Short Duration, high power output. -> Fatigue quickly + Lactic buildup
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Red (Slow Twitch Muscle)
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Small Less Glycogen - lots of O2. TCA cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation Slow Conduction Long Duration and low power output -LOW POWER
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Glucose-Alanine Cycle
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Breakdown of Protein ==> AA ==> facilitate gluconeogenesis during starvation, transport Alanine to Liver. => Turnover -> liver takes alanine _>glucose and rest urea cycle.
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Cori-Cycle
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-> Muscle used Glucose is metabolized to Lactate. -> Muscle Lactate returned to liver via blood converted to glucose. -> Regulation + Interplay btwn organs.
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Feeding (4 Organs)
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Liver - Stores Glycogen + Make Fat Muscle - Stores glycogen + Burns Fat + Burns Glucose + Make Protei Brain - Use Glucose Adipose - Store Fat
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Fasting (4 Organs)
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Liver - Degrades glycogen, Make glucose, burn fat Muscle - Degrades Glycogen + burn fat Brain - Use Glucose Adipose - Release Fat
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Starving (4 Organs)
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Liver - Make Glucose, Burn Fat, Make Ketones, Burn AA, Handle Nitrogen Muscle - Burn Fat, Burn Ketones, Degrade Proteins Brain - Induce enzymes to use ketones, Smaller use of Glucose Adipose - Releases stored fat
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Absorptive (Well Fed State)
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Glycogen Synthesis Fat Synthesis Protein Synthesis ***** (Glucagon DECREASES, INSULIN INCREASES) ****
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Post-absorptive (Fasting State)
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Glycogen Degradation Fat Degradation Protein Degradation **** Glucagon INCREASES, INSULIN DECREASES) ****
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Early Starvation + Prolonged Starvation
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Glycogen Exhaustion Fat Degradation Extensive Protein Degradation *** Glucagon INCREASE, INSULIN DECREASES)
