Biochemistry Macromolecules – Flashcards
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what are all things in the universe made of
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atoms
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what is the basis for living things? what other elements is it present in?
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carbon; hydrogen oxygen nitrogen
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big molecules made of many small molecules; a category of very large molecules
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macromolecule
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one small molecule; the small molecules that make up one big macromolecule
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monomer
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made of many monomers; these are examples of the big category of the macromolecule; syn to macromolecule
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polymer
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because of the importance of carbon, what are living things on this planet called?
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carbon based life forms
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molecules found in living things made from carbon are called what?
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organic molecules
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what are the four categories of macromolecules?
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proteins lipids carbohydrates and nucleic acids
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the study of chemical processes in living things
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biochemistry
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what is the only category of macromolecules with two monomers
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lipid
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what are the two monomers that make up the lipid macromolecule
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glycerol and fatty acids
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what are the two types of fatty acids that make up the monomer that makes up lipid
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saturated and unsaturated
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a type of fat that is completely filled with hydrogen ions
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saturated fats
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a type of fat that is non stable and is not completely filled in with hydrogen ions
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unsaturated fats
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what are the two functions of the macromolecule category lipids?
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to provide energy for LONG PERIODS OF TIME and provide structure for the cell membrane
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lipids function: lipids can be either ______ (made) or ________(digested) to be used to provide energy for long periods of time
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synthesized or hydrolized
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five examples of polymers for the macromolecule lipids?
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phospholipids, fats, oils, steriods, waxes
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Lipids Polymers: makes up the outer layer membrane used for structure
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phospholipids
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Lipids Polymers: energy storage in animals; store energy long time
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fats
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Lipids Polymers: energy storage in plants; store energy long time
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oils
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Lipids Polymers: what brings messages form one cell to another; also can be hormones
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steroids
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Lipids Polymers: used for protection
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waxes
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of both types of fatty acids, which is healthier and why?
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unsaturated fats because they do not stack on top of each other like saturated
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what is the monomer that makes up the protein macromolecule category
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amino acids
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these are the type of amino acids that our body cannot make on its own and we must get from another source
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essential amino acids
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what are the functions of the protein macromolecule
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to transport molecules such as hemoglobin, used as catalysts to speed up or slow down chemical reactions, and support and structure in the cell membrane
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found in the blood and helps transport oxygen
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hemoglobin
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what macromolecule are the functions for? to transport molecules such as hemoglobin, used as catalysts to speed up or slow down chemical reactions, and support and structure in the cell membrane
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protein
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what macromolecule are the functions for? o provide energy for LONG PERIODS OF TIME and provide structure for the cell membrane
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lipids
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what are the polymers for protein called? and what are the two types of this?
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polypeptides: structural and functional
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what are the two polypeptide structural polymers for protein?
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keratin and collagen
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what are the two polypeptide functional polymers for protein?
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hemoglobin and insulin
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found in hair nails and calluses
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keratin
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found in the skin and in elastic
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collagen
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tells cell to absorb sugar
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insulin
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special proteins
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enzymes
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specific protein that speeds up or slows down a reaction (catalyst)
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enzyme
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what is an enzyme effected by? what does this lead to?
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change in temperature or pH which leads to denaturing
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when the protein changes in shape, changes the way it works
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denaturing
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what are three examples of special enzymes?
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amylase, peroxidase, lipase
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special protein: breaks down starch into sugar; found in the saliva
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amylase
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special protein: found in plant and animal cells; speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
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peroxidase
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special protein: necessary for abortion and digestion of nutrients
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lipase
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what monomer makes up the macromolecule carbohydrates?
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monosaccharides
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whate are the three different types of monosaccharides that make of the monomer monosaccharides for carbohydrates
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glucose, fructose, and galactose
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Monosaccharides: production of photosynthesis and found in fruits
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glucose
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Monosaccharides: found in fruits and vegatables
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fructose
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Monosaccharides: found in milk
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galactose
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what are the three functions of the macromolecule carbohydrates?
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provides SHORT TERM energy for the body, part of structure in both plants and animals, and is responsible for name tags
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What macromolecule functions: provides SHORT TERM energy for the body, part of structure in both plants and animals, and is responsible for name tags
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carbohydrates
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what are the examples of polymers for protein called?
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polypeptides
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what are the three types of polysaccharides: the examples of polymers for carbohydrates?
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starch, cellulose, chitin
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what would table sugar be considered?
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disaccharide
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Polymers of carbohydrates: energy storage made by plants
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starch
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Polymers of carbohydrates: structural component of plants
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cellulose
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Polymers of carbohydrates:structural component for animals/insects
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chitin
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what is the monomer for the macromolecule nucleic acid?
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nucleotide
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sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen faces
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nucleotide
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what are the two functions of the macromoleule nucleic acid?
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making proteins and passing on genetic information
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what macromoleule funcitons of? making proteins and passing on genetic information
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nucleic acid
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what are the two polymers for the macromoleucle nucleic acids?
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DNA and RNA
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Polymer for Nucleic Acids: intructions for making proteins
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DNA
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Polymer for Nuclic Acids: actually making the proteins
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RNA
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speeds up or slows down a chemical reaction
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catalyst
