bio test 3 – part 2 – evolution – Flashcards
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How does antibiotic resistance happen?
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There is genetic variation in these bacteria and some may have a variation (gene) that allows them to withstand an antibiotic. Those that have this variation are more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on these genes In short: leaving behind bacteria with the greatest resistance
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antibiotic resistance is an example of
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evolution
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Evolution is defined as
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genetic change in a population or species over time
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Species
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group of like organisms that normally interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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Is a horse, zebra and donkey the same species?
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No, they cannot have fertile offsprings
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Why do organisms evolve?
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Evolution in necessary because environment is continually changing. Organisms would be wiped out if can't evolve.
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Charles Darwin wrote
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The Origin of the Species
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Darwin's finches
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Finches on golapagos were similar to those on the mainland, but the types of beaks they had related to the types of foods on the island
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Darwin observed
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- The diversity of life - Patterns of similarity - An organism suited to its environment
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In The Origin of Species, Darwin
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proposed a hypothesis - Organisms inhabiting Earth today descended from ancestral species. Natural selection is the mechanism for descent with modification.
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Darwin made two main points in The Origin of Species.
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1. Organisms inhabiting Earth today descended from ancestral species. 2. Natural selection is the mechanism for descent with modification.
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Natural Selection explains how evolution happens
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— Organisms have more offspring than can survive — There is competition for resources. — Individuals within a population vary in their traits; some of these traits are heritable and passed on to offspring. — Better-adapted individuals (the "fit enough") are more likely to survive and reproduce, thereby passing on copies of their genes to the next generation.
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Cockroaches
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If two cockroaches have all of their descendants survive, after 7 months there would be 1.64 billion cockroaches
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What causes the variation?
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Natural selection. Within a population some individuals may have variations that confer an advantage to them. These will be the individuals with the best odds of surviving and passing on their genes to their offspring.
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What does the selecting?
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The environment
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What was the environment selecting for/against?
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selecting for dark beetles, selecting against light beetles
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Consequences of evolution
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- adaptations - diversity of life
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evidence of evolution
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- The fossil record - Biogeography - Comparative anatomy - Comparative embryology - Molecular biology.
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Adaptations
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an inherited characteristic that improves the odds of survival and hence reproduction.
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The Fossil Record
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Transitional fossils include evidence that Birds descended from one branch of dinosaurs and Whales descended from four-legged land mammals.
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Relative dating
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older fossils are lower down
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Biogeography
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The study of the geographic distribution of species, first suggested to Darwin that today's organisms evolved from ancestral forms. Darwin noted that Galápagos animals resembled species of the South American mainland more than they resembled animals on similar but distant islands.
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Comparative Anatomy structures
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Homologous structures, Vestigial structures
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Homologous structures
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same structures but different functions
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Vestigial structures
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are remnants of features that served important functions in an organism's ancestors and now have no, or limited, functions
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Comparative Embryology
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Our evolutionary past is evident in our developmental stages. Embryos of different organisms look similar at early stages
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All vertebrate embryos have
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post-anal tails, gill pouches
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Molecular biology
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More closely related a species is, more similar alleles will be. Humans and chimpanzees have similarities in certain DNA sequences
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Natural Selection in Action
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The shrike is a bird that kills and eats flat-tailed horned lizards
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How do insects become resistant to insecticides?
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Environment was selecting for insects that were resistant to DDT
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Does Natural Selection Work on acquired traits - like big muscles?
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No
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Darwin saw the history of life as analogous to a
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tree
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Evolution states that a. Organisms change over time b. Organisms share common ancestry c. Genetic component of organisms is what changes d. Humans came from monkeys
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e. All of the above except d
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When a population of organisms is evolving, what can you be sure is happening? a. It is thriving b. It is stable (no change) c. It is becoming more human d. It is getting bigger e. It is changing
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e. It is changing
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The wing of a bat and the foreleg of a dog are made up of the same bones although they have different functions. These are examples of a. Vestigial structures b. Analogous structures c. Homologous structures d. Embryological evidence e. Both a and b
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c. Homologous structures
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the phrase darwin used to describe his broad theory of life is
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decent with modification
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all of life is related through common ancestry, accounting for
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unity of life
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the _______ of life arises from the ________ of species to different habitats over time
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- diversity - adaptations
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darwin proposed a mechanism for how evolution occurs, which he called
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natural selection
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two key observations underlying natural selection are that members of a population vary in their ______ and that all key species can produce more offspring than the environment can support
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- inherited traits
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darwin inferred that those organisms with traits best suited to the environment tend to leave more_____ than other members of a population
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offspring
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This unequal reproduction in a population leads to the gradual accumulation of ______ to the environment
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adaptations
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Which of the following is the most recent example of an evolutionary change in populations? - the presence of long generation times in organisms - the occurrence of many different breeds of dogs - the development of pesticide-resistant insects - the genetic differences among the various human populations on Earth
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the development of pesticide-resistant insects
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A process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other characteristics is called _____. evolutionary adaptation evolution natural selection descent with modification
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natural slection
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t/f The digits of a cat are homologous to those of these whale bones.
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true
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The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale. rib cage blowhole baleen tail flipper
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flipper
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development of pesticide resistance in insects is an example of
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natural selection
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changes in average beak size in finches following dry or wet years is an example of
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natural selection
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discovery of bones from many different dinosaur species is an example of
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fossil record
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tranitional forms that link whales with land-dwelling ancestors that are now extinct is an example of
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fossil record
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resmblence of island species to nearby mainland species is an example of
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biogeography
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unique collection of marsupial mammals in Australia is an example of
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biogeography
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similar forrelimb anatomy in differnt species of mammals is an example of
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anatomical and molecular homologies
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same genetic langauge of DNA and similar genes in yeasts, fruit flies, and humans is an example of
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anatomical and molecular homologies
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Which of the following is an example of natural selection that has been seen in our lifetime? - the rise of the domain Archaea - the rise of different feeding habits in different species of finches - the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria - a rise in the incidence of malaria
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the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
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Which of the following is a true statement? - Adaptation to the environment is not related to the origin of new species. - The genetic language of DNA and RNA provides evidence that contradicts evolution of finches and other birds. - Molecular biologists have suggested that bacteria are more closely related to eukaryotes than are members of the domain Archaea. - Species with nucleotide sequences that match closely share a common ancestor.
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Species with nucleotide sequences that match closely share a common ancestor.
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t/f Adaptation to the environment is not related to the origin of new species.
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false, they are related
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As proposed by Darwin, what sorts of traits are favored by natural selection? - Any traits that are produced by mutation and can be inherited. - Traits that reduce the number of offspring an individual produces, thus helping to reduce the struggle for existence in the next generation. - Traits that reduce the mutation rate and cut down on unnecessary variation within populations. - Heritable traits that help individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others in the same population.
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Heritable traits that help individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others in the same population.
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Natural selection is best described as _____. - a creative force that efficiently develops the best and simplest solutions for all problems in nature - a forward-looking process that anticipates future problems and designs the necessary tools to solve them through mutation - a filtering process that fine-tunes the traits of populations by sorting among existing, randomly produced variations - a completely random and unpredictable process of change, or evolution
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a filtering process that fine-tunes the traits of populations by sorting among existing, randomly produced variations
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The relationship of the genome to an organism is the same as that of the __________ to a population. species gene pool mutation gene
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gene pool
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The bones in the fore limb of the whale, bat, and cat are the same as in the arm of a person.The similarity of these structures indicates an evolutionary relationship.These types of structures are called _____
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homologous structures
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In humans, few people have the ability to move their ears with the muscles that attach them to the head,These muscles have no apparent function and would be an example of what type of structures?
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Vestigial structures
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When the environment surrounding bacteria includes antibiotics, what is the environment "selecting" for?
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Bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics
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The study of comparative anatomy __________ - is based on the genetic language of DNA and RNA - supports the idea of fixed species - is dependent on the geographic distribution of species - looks at early stages of development in different animal species - provides information about the evolutionary history of species
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provides information about the evolutionary history of species
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A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, where it was discovered that __________. - the more advanced the animal, the more slowly it develops - the embryological development of advanced plants and advanced animals is identical - embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other - mutations have a far more dramatic effect on embryos than on adult organisms - all animals develop similar embryonic gills
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embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other
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Which of the following is a true statement? - Molecular biologists study the early stages of development in different animal species. - Species with nucleotide sequences that match closely share a common ancestor. - The genetic language of DNA and RNA provides evidence that contradicts evolution of finches and other birds. - Molecular biologists have suggested that bacteria are more closely related to eukaryotes than are members of the domain Archaea. - Adaptation to the environment is not related to the origin of new species.
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Species with nucleotide sequences that match closely share a common ancestor.
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Which one of the following was an assumption of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection? - Earth is very young. - Organisms cooperate for limited resources. - Organisms are similar in many ways. - Traits are inherited as discrete particles. - Populations produce more offspring than their environment can support.
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Populations produce more offspring than their environment can support.
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Natural selection __________. -is more of a creative process than an editing process - relies on populations of all species to produce fewer offspring than the environment can support - and evolution cannot be directly observed - is independent of time or place - relies on variation among individuals in a population
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relies on variation among individuals in a population
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If we study evolution of life as if it were analogous to a tree, a fork in our evolutionary tree would represent __________. - an unknown pattern of evolutionary descent - a gene pool - homologous characteristics - an ancestor common to all branches extending from that fork - distinctions between plants and animals
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an ancestor common to all branches extending from that fork
