question

Zooplankton populations in Lake Erie and the Hudson River have declined by up to 70% since the arrival of zebra mussels because ________.

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d. zebra mussels feed on phytoplankton, which zooplankton need as a food source

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Individuals of a single species fighting over access to a limiting resource is one example of ________

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c. intraspecific competition

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How do predation and parasitism differ?

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d. Parasites rarely kill their host while predators kill their prey.

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Many plants have developed complicated defenses to protect themselves against _____.

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a. herbivory

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Decomposers and detritivores are responsible for enhancing the soil by recycling __________.

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c. nutrients

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Zooplankton-eating fish are ________.

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d. secondary consumers

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Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a(n) ________ association.

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a. mutualistic

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The most accurate way to represent trophic levels in a food chain graphically would be as ____________.

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a. a pyramid of energy

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Which of the following is true about top predators?

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c. They are likely to be keystone species.

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________ carried out research to determine the impact of zebra mussels on fish communities

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d. David Strayer

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Which statement is an accurate description of a keystone species?

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a. A keystone species that is a predator controls the herbivore populations, which in turn maintains the plant populations and keeps balance.

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Which statement best describes the process of ecological succession?

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b. After a disturbance, the community goes through a somewhat predictable set of changes until reaching a final state called a climax community.

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Techniques to eradicate zebra mussels ________.

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d. include introducing predators and diseases

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The Everglades Restoration Plan in Florida ________.

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c. will restore natural levels of water flow by undoing numerous damming and drainage projects

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Which of the following types of graphs would a scientist reference when determining the biome of an area?

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b. A climatograph

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________ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest.

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e. Deer

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Desert and tundra both ________.

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a.. have relatively low precipitation

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Which list includes biomes in the correct order based on those that have the lowest annual rainfall to those that have the highest?

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c. desert, grassland, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rain forest

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Which of the following biomes has soil with the lowest nutrients and least organic matter?

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b. a tropical rain forest

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The type of biome that has been converted most frequently by humans for agricultural use is the _____.

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c. temperate grassland

question

The "reef" of a coral reef is

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e. all of the above

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In Mangrove swamps, air roots are important

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c. for oxygen

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Ocean water has high levels of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) because

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b. living organisms have little use for Na or Cl

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Ocean current are affected by global warming because saltier water is _________ , and global warming is making tropical waters ________ salty.

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c. heavier, more

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"Ecosystem" is a __________ concept than "Community" because it includes ____________.

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d. broader, abiotic environment

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Ecologists study emergent properties at different levels, for example "carrying capacity" is an emergent property at the level of the

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b. population

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Desert seed eating rodents that don't drink get their water from

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a. respiration

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Macho B, the last known jaguar in the U.S., was trapped using one of the three main factors that "organize" populations, namely

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a. sex

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The following statement about carrying capacity is true

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b. it exists because conditions for organisms deteriorate with increasing density

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The two main benefits of joining social group cooperation are

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b. feeding and defense

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In ecology, the central idea of the "niche" refers to

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c. the characteristics of the environment where a species succeeds

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Coexistence of two species is MORE likely if their niches are

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b. different

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As species interactions, clownfish and sea anemones are considered _______________ while plants and myccorhizae are considered ____________.

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e. mutualism, mutualism

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Ecologists have concluded that species ______ primarily exist because of their contribution to the success of the community, and one consequence of this is that communities ______ tend to assemble spontaneously.

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c. do not, do

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Ecosystem ecology emphasizes system components generally ignored by community ecology, namely __________ and ___________

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a. decomposers, nutrients

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The key insight of ecosystem ecology was to recognize that energy ________ the system, and materials ___________ the system.

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c. flows through, cycle within

question

An essential element required in the construction of a chlorophyll molecule in addition to C, H, O and N is

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a. Magnesium (Mg)

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The most abundant gas in the atmosphere, __________, is there because of the action of ____________.

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c. nitrogen (N2), bacteria

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The reason there are many more gazelles than lions on the Serengeti is that

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c. ecological efficiency averages about ten percent

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The single factor _____________ most strongly predicts the NPP of terrestrial ecosystems.

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e. precipitation

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The forests in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan from which your text book was made are ________.

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b. FSC certified

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________% of Earth's land area is currently covered by forest.

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e. 30

question

How is global climate change associated with deforestation?

answer

b. Forests are carbon sinks. Deforestation releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

question

Most commercial logging today takes place in ________.

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a. Canada, Russia, and Brazil

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Most of the forests in the United States are _____.

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a. secondary forests

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How do concessions affect a developing nation's uncut primary forest?

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a. Concessions are helping to accelerate the rate of deforestation in developing countries.

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________ are replacing primary forests in much of southeast Asia

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c. oil palm plantations

question

What is a main role of foresters?

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d. Foresters must balance our society's demand for forest products against the conservation of the forest ecosystem.

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Ecosystem-based timber harvesting uses methods that ________.

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b. leave seed-producing or mature trees uncut to provide for future forests

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Which of the following harvesting methods is the most cost-efficient but has the greatest ecological impacts?

answer

c. clear-cutting

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The National Forest Management Act ________ national forest land.

answer

b. was passed in 1976 with the intent to ensure multiple use and sustainable yield of national forests

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Which of the following forestry practices would best conserve structural diversity?

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d. selection system

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Prescribed burns would be used in forests ________.

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a. that are subject to severe wild fires to remove fuel load and stimulate new growth

question

Fire history in an open pine woodland ecosystem would be best determined by ________.

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a. tree ring burn marks

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Why is salvage logging not an environmentally responsible action to take?

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c. Salvage logging removes dead trees that if left, would add to the number of habitats, increasing biodiversity.

question

Which of the following is true about the preservation of land in the United States?

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c. The federal government, state governments, and private groups can all set aside land for preservation.

question

What percentage of the world's land area is part of a preserve?

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c. 12%

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Which of the following is not associated with "edge effects?"

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b. An increase in biodiversity

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What is the SLOSS dilemma?

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c. Whether to make a few, large reserves or many small reserves.

question

What human-caused environmental issue is directly threatening to alter species ranges?

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d. climate change

question

Two of the Domains in the 3 Domain system of classification are considered one Kingdom in the 5 Kingdom system, that is the Kingdom ___________.

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a. Prokaryotes

question

The notion of a cleanly branching tree of life, where species are separate and divide to create new species, may not describe evolution in Prokaryotes very well, because of the following feature

answer

c. genetic exchange

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Chemoautotrophs get their carbon from ___________ and aerobic heterotrophs get energy ______________.

answer

a. carbon dioxide, using oxygen

question

Members of the Cyanobacteria

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e. a, b & c

question

Members of the Prokaryotes

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d. have adapted to extreme (salty, hot) environments

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Eukaryotes generally do photosynthesis thanks to specialized cellular organelles called ___________ that originally resulted from endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria.

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e. chloroplasts

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Algae have internal cell components that include

answer

d. all of the above

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Algae do NOT

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d. have roots

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One generalization about complex life cycles that seems to hold up is that large, multicellular organisms need to be diploid, and the haploid phase is restricted to small, short-lived temporary stages.

answer

b. False

question

One of the most potent anti-malarial drugs, artemisinin, was originally isolated from an organism in the Kingdom

answer

c. Plants

question

Mitosis results in perfect duplication of cells. Meiosis results in a shift from ________ to _________.

answer

b. diploid, haploid

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In sexual reproduction, organisms make genetically variable gametes by mixing genes from two _________ and these gametes then make even more genetically variable zygotes by fusing with ________ from other individuals ("outcrossing").

answer

d. parents, gametes

question

Which following statement INCORRECTLY summarizes an hypothesis about the functional (adaptive) significance of meiosis (relative to mitosis).

answer

b. Offspring will on average be more deviant than either paren

question

Unicellular algae share a common ancestor with

answer

e. all of the above

question

Tree ferns _______ currently extinct and _________ important during the Coal Age (Carboniferous period).

answer

c. are not, were

question

According to most calculations, we will likely use up our global petroleum reserves in approximately _______ years.

answer

c. 45

question

The most important decomposers belong to the kingdoms

answer

d. fungi and prokaryotes

question

An interesting group of Fungi that can both photosynthesize and withstand drying is

answer

e. lichens

question

The species that can so far legitimately boast having the largest documented single individual organism (single genotype) is

answer

c. Trembling Aspen

question

The kingdom that does NOT have forms that photosynthesize is

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e. none of the above

question

A major process that inhibits speciation is

answer

c. gene flow

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Reproductive isolation occurs in allopatric speciation via ________ and in sympatric speciation via _________.

answer

d. physical separation, ecological separation

question

The fox (Arctic vs. Grey) speciation example is considered a(n) ______________ speciation with coat color divergence driven by reduced visibility (camouflage) to _____________.

answer

c. allopatric, prey

question

Evolution is defined as change in ______ in a ___________ over time.

answer

c. genes, population

question

Adaptive evolution requires processes that both increase and decrease ______________, and natural selection is a process that _____________ it.

answer

d. genetic variation, decreases

question

Processes that add new genes to a population include

answer

e. a, b & c

question

Some Creationists argue that while natural selection certainly can and does change the traits of species, 6,000 years is not long enough for it to have generated the diversity of life that we currently see. Biologists __________.

answer

a. agree

question

Heritable variation depends on differences in ____________ resulting in differences in _______________.

answer

b. genotype, phenotype

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All domestic dogs are derived from the same wild species.

answer

a. True

question

Due to the increase in problems with antibiotic resistance, drug companies have greatly increased their investment in antibiotic research, resulting in a record number of applications for approval of new antibiotics.

answer

b. False

question

An example of homologous organs are

answer

b. bat wing and whale fin

question

Which following statement correctly summarizes an example of the imprint of history on biological design?

answer

c. The vas deferens of the human male is much longer than it needs to be

question

Plants are green because

answer

d. wavelengths not absorbed by pigments are reflected

question

Horses (Equidae) and Dogs (Canidae) both have fossil records that indicate there were far more species in the past than currently exist.

answer

a. True

question

The Coelacanth, that was first discovered as a fossil before it was found still extant in modern times (a so called "living fossil"), is a species of ________.

answer

b. fish

question

Extinction rates have been _______ over evolutionary time, but long term diversity measures have been ______.

answer

e. variable, increasing

question

Which of the following scenarios is most likely to lead to an adaptive radiation?

answer

d. At tsunami destroys all life on a remote Pacific island

question

Adaptive radiation in the Hawaiian honeycreepers shows the interesting pattern that _______ species are found on __________ islands.

answer

a. newer (derived), newer

question

Dinosaurs evolved following the _______________ extinction 250 million years ago.

answer

b. Permian

question

_____________ are more closely related to whales than to _____________.

answer

d. camels, horses

question

Only about 2.5% of all the water on our planet is freshwater. However, ________.

answer

d. most of this is far from where humans live

question

An artesian well occurs when ________.

answer

c. an aquifer is trapped under pressure between two layers that are less permeable

question

The region of a lake where plants are able to attach to the bottom and still reach above the surface is known as the __________.

answer

d. littoral zone

question

What percentage of Earth's surface is ocean?

answer

a. 71%

question

Most of the productivity of the ocean occurs in or on the _____________.

answer

b. uppermost layer of the ocean called the photic zone

question

Ocean currents can affect climate. One major downwelling specifically responsible for keeping Europe warmer than it would otherwise be is known as ________________.

answer

c. North Atlantic Deep Water

question

The exceptionally strong warming of the eastern Pacific is referred to as ________.

answer

a. El Niño

question

Zooxanthellae are ________.

answer

e. Symbiotic algae that provide energy to many species of marine corals

question

What is our primary consumptive (as opposed to nonconsumptive) use of water?

answer

a. irrigation

question

Dams create a _________ from which we can get water for human use.

answer

c. reservoir

question

Overpumping groundwater in coastal areas can cause ________ to move into aquifers, making the water undrinkable.

answer

b. salt water

question

A factory in a rural part of the United States has just been implicated for releasing toxic substances into the same water source that is used for drinking water in the area. Which of the following statements is true regarding this factory?

answer

b. The factory is a point source of water pollution.

question

Which of the following types of water pollution causes eutrophication?

answer

c. nutrient pollution

question

Which of the following statements about drinking water is true?

answer

b. Most bottled water is just purified tap water.

question

The primary effect of thermal pollution on aquatic ecosystems is ________.

answer

c. depleting dissolved oxygen

question

A septic system is ________.

answer

c. a rural method of handling sewage

question

Populations in ocean fisheries have been dropping for decades throughout the world's oceans. What is the main reason for this?

answer

a. overfishing

question

Bycatch ________.

answer

d. refers to the accidental capture of animals

question

Which of the following is true regarding marine reserves?

answer

a. They tend to increase species diversity.

question

Most marine protected areas ________.

answer

d. are along the coastlines of developed nations

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