Bio- exam 3- chapters 9 & 10 – Flashcards
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cell division
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The process by which a cell reproduces itself; this is important for normal growth, development, and repair of an organism.
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cell cycle
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the ordered sequence of stages that a cell progresses through in order to divide during its life; stages include preparatory phases (G1, S, G2) and division phases (mitosis and cytokinesis)
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interphase
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the stage of the cell cycle in which cells spend most of their time, preparing for cell division.
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mitosis
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The segregation and separation of duplicated chromosomes during cell division.
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cytokinesis
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The physical division of a cell into two daughter cells.
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sister chromatids
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The two identical DNA molecules that make up a duplicated chromosome following DNA replication.
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centromere
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The specialized region of a chromosome where the sister chromatids are joined; critical for proper alignment and separation of sister chromatids during mitosis.
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microtubules
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hollow protein fibers that are key components of the cytoskeleton and make up the fibers of the mitotic spindle.
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mitotic spindle
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the structure that separates sister chromatids during mitosis.
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kinetochore
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proteins located at the centromere that provide an attachment point for microtubules of the mitotic spindle.
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mutation
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a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
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cell cycle checkpoint
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a cellular mechanism that ensures that each stage of the cell cycle is completed accurately.
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apoptosis
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programmed cell death; often referred to as cellular suicide.
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tumor
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a mass of cells resulting from uncontrolled cell division.
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metastasis
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the spread of cancer cells from one location in the body to another.
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radiation therapy
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the use of ionizing (high-energy) radiation to treat cancer.
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germ-line mutation
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a mutation occurring in gametes; passed on to offspring.
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somatic mutation
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A mutation that occurs in a body (nongamete) cell; not passed on to offspring.
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mutagen
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any chemical or physical agent that can damage DNA by changing its nucleotide sequence.
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CARCINOGEN
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any chemical agent that causes cancer by damagin g DNA. They are a type of mutagen.
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[BENIGN TUMOR]
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a noncancerous tumor that will not spread throughout the body.
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[MALIGNANT TUMOR]
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a cancerous tumor that spreads throughout the body.
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[PROTO-ONCOGENE]
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a gene that codes for a protein that helps cells divide normally.
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[ONCOGENE]
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a mutated and overactive form of a proto-oncogene. These drive cells to divide continually.
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embryonic development wound healing replacement of blood cells intestinal tract and skin cell replacement -all of the above
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Which of the following processes require normal cell division?
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any cell that is rapidly undergoing cell division
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Which types of cells are triggered to go through apoptosis by radiation and chemotherapy treatments?
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a. You would only have one cell. b. You would have twice as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
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What would be the result if a cell completed interphase and mitosis but failed to complete cytokinesis?
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a. prevent mistakes in the course of cell division that lead to cancer b. ensure that each step of the cell cycle occurs accurately.
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Cell cycle checkpoints are present to _________.
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interphase
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During which stage of the cell cycle are sister chromatids initially produced?
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b. Apoptosis ensures that the cell dies instead of leading to cancer.
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Why would the cell make apoptosis the default mechanism when a problem in the cell cycle is detected?
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No, because the cancerous cells have spread throughout the body.
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A patient has metastatic melanoma (skin cancer). Is surgery a viable option for this patient?
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interphase (G2-M)
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Which checkpoint prevents a normal cell from completing its cell cycle if it has not accurately replicated its DNA?
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die by apoptosis
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A normal cell that sustains irreparable DNA damage will most likely __________.
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anaphase
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During which stage of the cell cycle do sister chromatids separate from each other?
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-identification of compounds from new species of plants and animals from varied environments -development of synthetic compounds that mimic naturally occurring compounds with anticancer effects -efficient and effective delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to individuals with cancer -screening systems to look for potential compounds with anticancer properties *all of the above
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Which of the following will be important for the continued development of chemotherapeutic agents to better fight cancer?
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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Which of the following series has the stages of mitosis in the proper order?
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interphase
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In which stage of the cell cycle does the cell spend the most time?
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G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis
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What are the stages of the cell cycle in the proper order?
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a disease in which unregulated cell division occurs
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Which is the best definition of cancer?
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-environmental costs if the agent is from a living specimen -production costs if the agent is rare or hard to isolate -side effects the drug may have on noncancerous cells *all of the above
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In the development of chemotherapeutic agents for cancer, what factors must be considered?
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blocks mitosis in cancerous cells
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what should a promising new ovarian cancer drug have?
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genetically identical to each other genetically identical to the parent cell
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Following mitosis and cytokinesis, daughter cells are __________.
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S
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In the cell cycle, DNA is replicated during _______.
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The cell will go through apoptosis, after the damage is detected.
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When your skin cells are exposed to UV light, such as in a tanning bed, DNA damage can occur. If one of these severely UV-irradiated skin cells is given a signal to divide, what are plausible outcomes?
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activity of proofreading enzymes
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We would all have many more mutations in our genes if not for the __________.
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a maternal allele a paternal allele (possible)
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If an individual has a germline mutation, which of the following are possible sources of that mutation?
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-predisposition increases the chances that other risk factors will lead to the progression of cancer. -Cancer cannot be truly inherited, but certain alleles weaken the normal control points that prevent cancer, and this causes cancer to appear earlier in life.
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Why do people with "inherited cancer" often develop cancer at a relatively young age?
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a. a proto-oncogene c. a tumor suppressor gene
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Which of the following does not cause cancer to develop and progress?
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tumor suppressor; proto-oncogene
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A potential cancer-causing gene coding for a protein with cell cycle control responsibilities is a ___________, and a gene coding for a protein that stimulates cell division is a ___________.
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is at increased risk of developing breast cancer
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A woman with a BRCA1 mutation __________.
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after a protein is produced
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At which of the following points does a mutation exert its potentially dysfunctional effects in a cell?
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-in the amino acid sequence of a protein -in the shape of a protein -in the way the cell cycle is regulated -that is beneficial to the cell e. all of the above
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A mutation can cause a change __________.
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inheritance of a mutant BRCA gene > replication errors create an oncogene > mutation of p53 > additional mutations permit spreading
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Which is the correct order of events in which breast cancer might develop?
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A cell cycle checkpoint detects the error and pauses the cell cycle so the error can be corrected.
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In an otherwise normal cell, what happens if one mistake is made during DNA replication?
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Sunscreen can reduce the chance of mutations caused by exposure to UV radiation present in sunlight.
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Why does wearing sunscreen reduce cancer risk?
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-Reduce sun exposure. -Reduce alcohol consumption. -Avoid tobacco. -Utilize early screening. *all of the above
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What would you say to a niece if she asked you how she could reduce her risk of breast cancer? (Assume there is no family history of breast cancer.)
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benign; malignant
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Tumors that will not spread throughout the body are _________________, and those that do spread are termed ______________.
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mutagen; carcinogen
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A chemical that causes alterations in DNA is a ______________, and if this chemical causes cancer it is called a _______________.
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a. The older a person is the more times potentially cancer-causing mutations can be acquired. b. Age extends the amount of exposures to environmental factors, which can lead to the progression of cancer.
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Why is age a risk factor for cancer?
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It is a multistep process by which multiple mutations cause a series of events that lead to cancer.
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Which of the following statements accurately describes cancer development?
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environmental insults
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DNA mutations can arise from uncorrected errors in DNA replication, inheritance, and __________.
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BRCA1 acts as a tumor suppressor.
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What is the role of BRCA1 in normal cells?
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a 25-year-old woman whose mother, aunt, and grandmother had breast cancer
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Which of the following women would be most likely to benefit from genetic testing for breast cancer?
