Bio 2 Final!
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4 Types of tissue
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Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
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Define tissue
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Specialized cells
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2 types of homeostasis
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Positive feedback, Negative feedback
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Epithelial tissue
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forms skin, lines body cavity, forms glands
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Epithelial cell are connected by:
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Tight, adhesion, gap junctions
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Functions of epithelial tissue:
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FESAP: Filtration, Secretion, Absorption, Protection, Excretion
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Classification of epithelial:
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Simple , Stratified, Glandular
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Simple Epithelial
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classified according to cell type. -Squamous (flat) -Cuboidal(cube) -Columnar(column)
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Stratified
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Multiple layers
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Glandular
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Secretes a product Can be many cells or one. Exocrine (secretes into ducts) or endocrine (secreted into bloodstream)
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Speudostratified
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cilliated
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Connective tissue consists of
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Specialised cells, ground substance (noncellular), Protein fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic)
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Three categories of connective tissue
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fluid, supportive, fibrous
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Types of connective (example)
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Loose connective, Adipose, dense fibrous(tendons and ligaments), hyaline (cartilage), Compact bone
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Adipose tissue function
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Store energy, and unsultes body and pads
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Bone cells are located in:
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Lacunae
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Lymph and blood are what tissue?
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Connective
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What are the functions of connective tissue?!
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-Establish structural framework -transport fluids and disssolved materials -protect delicate organs -support surrounding interconnected tissues -storing energy -defending the body from organisms
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Skeletal muscle
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long striated and multinucleated
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Smooth
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involuntary. no striation
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Cardiac
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-striated mostly involuntary. -cells are bound to each other by intercalated disks -relies on pacemaker cells
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Neurons:
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transmit information consisit of dendrite, cell body, and axon
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Neuroglia
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support and nourish neurons
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three functions of nervous system
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sensory input (sensory receptors transmit to spinal cord and brain) data integration(by brain and spinal cord) motor output
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Skin: (is called?)
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covers and protects . Integumentary system
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what produced melanin (pihgment)
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Melanocytes
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layers of skin
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Epidermis(stratified squamous)->dermis->subcutaneous(loose connective tissue)
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Dermis contains Elatic and collagen fibers and:
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hair collicles, sebaceous glands, receptors, nerve fibers, blood vessels
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Body cavities (2 main)
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Dorsal cavity (towards the back) Ventral cavity (towards the front)
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Dorsal cavity divided into:
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Cranial and vertebral canal
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Ventral cavity is divided into:
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Thoracic (heart and lugs), Abdominal Pelvic (certain reproductive)
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What the liver and kidneys do
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store excess glucose as glycogen, insulin regulates glycogen storage
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the kidney are:
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under hormonal control and excretes wastes and salts
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negative feedback
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partially controlled by hormones but ultimately by the nervous. Primarily keeps variable close to set value.
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Positive feedback
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bring about even greater change in the SAME direction. like childbirth
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Atria of heart: Ventricles:
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receive blood pump blood
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Vessels:
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Arteries->arterioles->capillaries-> Venules->Veins
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Pathway of blood for heart
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Superior vena cava-right atrium-tricuspid-right ventricle-pulmonary valve-pulmonary artery-lungs-pulmonary veins-left atrium-mitral valve-left ventricle- aortic valve-aorta
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what separates the left and right ventricles?
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interventricular septum
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what side of the heart is more muscular
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left side
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ratio of neuroglia to neurons
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10x neuroglia to neuron
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Dendrites
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Branches of neurons. receive information from other neurons
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Axon
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long branch that connects to other neuron
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myelin sheath
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covers the axon and makes electrical transmission faster
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what is the hole in a tube
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lumen
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use paper towel roll as an analogy for blood vessels
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cardboard is the epithelium, paper is the smooth muscle, wrapping is the connective tissue
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what has valves (veins or arterys)
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veins
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Contraction of heart chambers Relaxation of heart
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systole (contraction) diastole (relaxation)
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Pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit
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Pulmonary circuit reoxygenates blood Systemic distributes oxygen to cells
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peristalsis
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rhythmic contraction of muscle to move stuff
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Hypertension
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high blood pressure
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Atherosclerosis
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accumulation of fatty materials in the LINING of arteries
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Stroke
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part of the brain is deprived of oxygen due to a burst arteriole or blockage due to embolus
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Heart attack (myocardial infarction)
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coronary artery is blocked
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Angia pectoris
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heart pain due to lack of oxygen in heart
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megakaryocyte
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forms platelets after bursting (reside in bone marrow)
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Homeostasis functions of blood
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-transport substances for exchange with tissue -destroy pathogenic microorganisms -distributes antibodies -maintains water balance and pH -regulates body temperature -carries platelets and factors to promote clotting/blood loss
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centrifuged blood is what?
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55% plasma, 45% RBC's, buffy coat
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Plasma composion
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-90-92% H2O -7-8% plasma protein <1% dissolved salts -dissolved gasses (CO2+O2) -nutrients (glucose, lipids, amino acids) -waste (urea and uric acid) -hormones
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Formed elements
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RBC's (4-6 million/mm3) Neutrophils (40-70%) Lymphocytes (20-45%) Monocytes(4-8%) Eosinophil(1-4%) Basophils(0-1%) platlets (thrombocytes) 150,000-300,000
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blood clot consists of
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platelets, RBC's, fibrin threads
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what is chewed up food
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bolus
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Pharynx
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digestive and respiratory passage come toether into this
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epiglottis
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cpvers openening into trachea
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lining of the stomach has
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million of gastric pits which lead to gastric glands which secrete HCl and pepsin
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Pepsin is:
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hydrolytic enzyme that acts on protein to produce peptides
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very first part of the small intestine
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duodenum. Neutralize H+ here with the addition of bile and pancreatic juice
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bile salt
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emulsify and break down fats
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final part of small intestine
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final digestion of fats, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins and absorption of nutrients.
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food mixing with gastric juice becomes:
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chime. pH of 1.5
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junction between stomach and small intestine controlled by:
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sphincter
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Where does bile come from and what stores it?
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Liver produces and gall bladder stores.
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pancreas
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exocrine gland. produces pancreas juice and digestive enzyme into duodenum
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wall of the small intestine
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villi are ridges on the surface and contain microvilli which are on capilarys and lymphatic capilaries
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4 part of the large intestine
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Cecum, colon, rectum, anus CHINEESE CHILDREN REALLY AWESOME note that each and every word is interchangeable
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Large intestine
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cecum has appendix and a large population of bacteria that break down undigestible material and produce vitamins
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What does the large intestine absorb
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water, salts, vitamins
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what digests fat
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lipase
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where is the SA node located
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atrial wall
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AV node is located where
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lower ventricular wall
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what digests protein
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trypsin
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where is the liver located
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upper right abdominal cavity
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what are the structure of the liver
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lobules
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Functions of the liver: (!!!)
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-Detox blood -store iron and vitamins -store glycogen -produce urea -remove billiruben -regulate blood cholesterol
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Gallbladder
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attatched to liver. Store excess bile. Gallsones form from cholesterol crystalizing
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Protein->peptides (the molecule that does this)
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trypsin
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Lymphatic organs
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Red bone marrow (origin for all types of blood cells and maturation of B cells) Thymus gland (between trachea and sternum. Mature T cells) Lymph Nodes (cortex and medulla) Spleen (cleans blood) Tonsils
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Nonspecific immunity
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Barriers to entry. Phagocytes and NK cells. Also inflammatory response innate
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Neutrophils
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Nonspecific. can leave bloodstream and phagocytize
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Eosinophils
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nonspecific. Phagocytize. Attack parasites too large for phagocytosis
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NK cells
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Nonspecific. Large lymphocytes. Kill cells! and produce cytokines to proote specific defenses
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specific defenses: (3 steps)
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immunity... -recognition, response, memory
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Lymphocytes
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specific defense. Can recognize antigens
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B cells:
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Bind to antigens! Give rise to plasma cells plasma cells produce antibodys
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T cells:
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receptors bind to antigens from antigen presentors. Cytotoxin T cells kill infected/bad cells
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Antibodies are also called:
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immunoglobins. Consist of two heavy and two light chains.
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Types of T cells
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Cytotoxic Helper t cell memory t cell
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Primary host of HIV
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T cell
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Endothelium
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totally inside!
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Alugocytes
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Help destroy pathogens
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Cells involved in allergies
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basophyll
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4 types of kidney stones:
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calcium stones (calcium oxylate) Struvite stones Uric acid stones Systine (genetic)
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size of kidney stones
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2mm is average/passable 5mm is large/need medical assistance
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how many women have heart attack death?
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1 in 3! because harder to recognize.
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how much brain in octopi?
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500M neurons, 1/3 in brain observational learners left/right eye dominant
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Memory of octopi:
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LTP (long term synaptic potential) very similar to vertebrate memory.
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Octopi have:
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verticle lobe. When cut, learning is impaired. ability to fast up to 6 month. 12 hour to digest in 18-19C water
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Cool things bout octopi
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first defense is camo. Smell through arms. Largest is 10m long and 600lbs
