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Biology

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The study of life

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Two Book Diagram

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You can understand the world through 2 different ways: scripture and creation. These are interpreted by different people as well: theologians (for scripture) and scientists (for creation)

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Extinction Rate

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Current rate: 30,000-50,000 species per year

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Biodiversity

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The variety of life in the world, or in a particular habitat, or ecosystem

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Triangle Diagram

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Diagram that shows the relationship between God, creation, and humans, and how that relationship has been distorted by sin

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Scientific Methods

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Observe, Question, Research, Hypothesis - (for a null hypothesis, we do not expect a difference in variables), Experiment, Treatment, Control, Replicates, Data Collection & Analysis, Evaluate Hypothesis

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Fittingness

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One possible explanation for shalom, this is a way in which all things fit together as God intended

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Carbon Neutrality

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This occurs when a place can absorb just as much carbon emissions as it emits

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Hot Spot

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A place of high, but threatened biodiversity. Wilson highlights a couple dozen around the world, most of which are in the tropics. Though they only occupy 2.3% of the earth's surface, they contain 43% of the earth's invertebrates

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Micro-wilderness

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Spots of biodiverse areas, but in a smaller form. Take the natural \"island\" out of the Calvin Science Building, it is untouched and un-kept by humans, and contains very many different kinds of plants

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Mesozoic

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The age of the reptiles (dinosaur age). This age was brought to an end by a meteor that hit the Yucatan Peninsula in present-day Mexico, which was the fifth great extinction

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Lazarus Species

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A species that is so endangered that it dwindles down to just one couple, which regenerates the species once again. This can give people false hope, however, as it is a very rare occurrence

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Pauperization

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the impoverishment of biodiversity - the direction we are headed if we don't make any changes

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Niche

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Wilson explained that humans have a small \"niche\". What he means by this is that humans require a very specific environment in order to survive. With our current actions, more and more we are destroying this environment and the necessities for human survival

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Nature vs. Natural

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Barnoscky and Wilson had differing viewpoints on the definitions of what makes something nature or natural

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T/F Wilson includes human impact to be a part of nature.

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False

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T/F A lawn requires constant care making it a diverse ecosystem.

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False

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T/F There is a strong correlation between human population growth and extinction rate.

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True

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Reconciliation Ecology

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making our world more liveable for wildlife (ex. Plaster Creek Stewards)

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Shalom

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peace of everything fits together; fittingness; the knitting back together of creation

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Stewardship

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taking care of something that belongs to someone else

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Ecological Footprint

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the impact of a person or a community, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources

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HIPPO

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Habitat loss, Invasive species, Pollution, human overPopulation, Over-harvesting

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T/F Soil below a mango tree is known as a poor man's manure.

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True

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T/F Wilson says we are the giant meteorite of our time.

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True

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T/F All of Calvin College is located in the Plaster Creek Watershed.

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False

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Negative Feedback loop

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When something is causing a change in a system, and then a response occurs to bring the original change back to a homeostasis

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Global Warming

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the overall general warming of the earth's atmosphere due to the greenhouse effect caused by constant Carbon Dioxide and other pollutants released into the atmosphere

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Gloger's Rule

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More heavily pigmented species tend to live in warmer climates, close to the equator

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Bergmann's Rule

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Species of larger size are found in colder climates have shorter limbs than those native to warmer climates

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Root's Rule

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Basal metabolic rate predicts northernmost extent of many bird species

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Ecology

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the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings

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Ecologist

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a scientist that studies how animals and plants interact with their environment

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Geographical range

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= giant amoeba in the past

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Microevolution

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evolution that occurs within a species

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Evolution

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change in the genetic makeup of a population

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Natural selection

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the classic term that means survival of the fittest

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Immigration

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is when an individual moves into a new niche or habitat

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Emigration

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is when an individual moves out of their original niche or habitat

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Genetic Drift

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random gain or loss of individuals

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Bottleneck effect

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a point in history when a population was greatly reduced and eventually recovered, but the few individuals that started the new population were completely random. Their traits had nothing to do with their survival (RANDOM)

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Founder effect

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when a population is split up by chance, and the two new populations gene pools begin to differ because the new genetic makeup of the population will cause the two populations to possibly become their own species

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Sexual Selection

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When an individual of a species chooses a mate based off a specific traits that look more favorabe for reproduction of a viable offspring

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Mutations

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random gain or loss of genes

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Thesistic evolution

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evolution has happened and God intended for evolution to happen

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Evolutionism

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Atheists....evolution works so well that we don't need a God

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Milankovich Cycle

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long term recurring climate cycles based on earth's tilt, wobble, spin, etc.

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Isotope

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different \"versions\" or \"fingerprints\" of a molecule that have been extremely useful in understanding climate change

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Gene Flow

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movement of genetic material into or out of a population via immigration or emigration

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Taq Polymerase

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an enzyme from a bacterium found in hot springs in Yellowstone National Park - used extensively in biotechnology to replicate DNA

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Darwinism

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The theory of evolution of species by natural selection advanced by Charles Darwin

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Adaptation

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process of an organism conforming into something else

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Acquired

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gotten through environmental forces

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Barnosky vs. Wilson definition of nature

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Barnosky says natural ecosystems were being changed and disturbed even though there were not actual human footprints. Wislon's definition of nature is ecosystems that are untouched by men, so according to Barnosky there is no nature by Wilson's definition.

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Barnosky vs. Wilson view of nature

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Barnosky thinks humans should interact with Nature. Wilson says preserve nature, keep it untouched

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T/F The HIV virus is very good at accurately copying its DNA.

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False

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T/F Grand Rapids did not make it onto any top 10 list for most sustainable cities.

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False

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T/F The Florida Torreyas that were moved to the Smoky Mountains were planted in sites where there were already some Florida Torreyas growing.

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False

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T/F Global warming and direct human interference were two impacts that had a one-two punch on the Pliestocene Era.

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True

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T/F The first step in fixing the \"Gang of Four\" problem is recognizing it.

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True

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T/F Barnosky's action plan is to remove, connect, and create.

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False

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T/F The United States is one of the closest countries to being carbon neutral.

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False

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Dead Zones

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places in the ocean where there are such low oxygen levels (due to pollution) causing sea creatures to suffocate and die

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Pleistocene

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Earth warmed, causing glaciers from last ice age to melt. First glacial-interglacial transition at a time when a significant amount of people were distributed over the earth's surface

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Keystone Species

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species that have a significant impact on keeping ecosystem running, even if smaller in number. If removed, many other species would be adversely affected, maybe to the point of extinction

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Rivet-popping hypothesis

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Extinction of species is like losing rivets on a wing of a plane. If you use a few, its fine because others will hold it up. If you lose too many, everything will fall apart. Other species can take its place until they all run out

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Pleistocene Rewindling

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Replacing lost species in certain ecosystems with similar ones

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Assisted Migration

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The act of deliberately moving plants or animals to a different habitat in a response to climate change

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Carbon neutral

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Achieving net zero carbon emissions by balancing a measured amount of carbon released with equivalent amount sequestered or offset

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Ocean Chemistry

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Oceans will become more acidic because they are absorbing more CO2 - it will affect coral reefs and other sea life negatively

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Sea Levels

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Water warming up expands causes sea levels to rise

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Precipitation Patterns

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Warm air stores more water vapor causing additional precipitation which leads to flooding, more storms, more snow

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Temperature Patterns

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CO2 and other gasses are being trapped in the atmosphere causing temp to rise

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Hurricanes

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Warmer ocean surface temps leads to more evaporation and more intense hurricanes

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Developing Countries

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Global temps will go up by 4 degrees celsius in the next century. 95% of fatalities from natural disasters will occur in developing countries

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Human infectious diseases

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the warmer it gets, the more mosquitoes, flies, ticks, will be able to carry and spread diseases because of the longer warm season

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Nutritionism

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thinking about foods strictly in the form of its chemical constituents

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French Paradox

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in France, they eat richer foods than we do, and make a bigger deal of meals, however they are healthier than we are because of portion size, what time they eat their food, and how slowly they eat it

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Orthoexics

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eating right (Pollan says we have an unhealthy obession with this)

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Aborigines

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The original diet, eating food strictly from the land

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Carnitine

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chemical and meat; when bacteria digest it they release TMAO, causing cholesterol to increase, elevating coronary heart disease

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Carbohydrates

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any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose

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T/F The Western diet is the only cause of most western diseases.

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False

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T/F CSA stands for: community supported agriculture.

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True

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T/F After 7 weeks off the Western diet, Australian Aborigines' health stayed the same.

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False

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T/F Some proposed alternative causes of the Western diseases (besides the Western diet) include genetic and demographic causes.

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True

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T/F You have to remove nutrients from food in order for it to be able to travel long distances stably and resist pests.

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True

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Mutation

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mistake in the replication of DNA. When the wrong base pair is matched with a different base pair

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Mitosis

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replicates a diploid cell into two new diploid cells

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Meiosis

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replicates a diploid cell into more haploid gametes

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Amniocentesis

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Prenatal medical procedure that shows abnormalities in the chromosomes and infections in the fetus by sampling part of the amniotic fluid

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Hadza People

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Hunter-gatherers with higher density of gut microbes. They have low rates of cancer and diabetes because they only eat what nature has to offer. They have to go out and get their own food

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T/F All DNA is used for coding protein.

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False

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T/F Sickle Cell Disease affects the shape of hemoglobin produced.

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True

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T/F It is more likely for diseases to be passed on by dominant alleles.

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False

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T/F A phenotype is a physical trait that results from allele.

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True

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T/F A heterozygous gene would be Tt.

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True

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T/F Dead zones can be produced from how we preform agriculture.

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True

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T/F Pollan has seven very special words he always cited, and they are \"eat food, lots of plants, sometimes meats\".

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False

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Gene therapy

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a procedure whereby a favorable gene is placed into a virus and therein used to infect the patient in a beneficial way

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Gene

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a section of DNA that contains instructions for a particular function

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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

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sections of DNA that differ by only one base pair in some individuals I;

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Orphan disease

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a disease that affects less than 200,000 people in the US but there are a lot of them, so altogether they affect a large amount of people

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Exons

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a coding segment for proteins in the genes

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Introns

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removable interruptions in coding sequences for proteins. They are starts and stops. They do not code.

BIO 123 Calvin College Dave Warners

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