question

Which of the following is the best definition for recombinant DNA?

answer

DNA that includes pieces from two different sources

question

Which of these is a genetically modified organism?

answer

an organism carrying a gene that was acquired by artificial means

question

Which of the following best defines the term transgenic organism?

answer

an organism containing a gene from another species

question

The world's first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was ______.

answer

humulin

question

A vaccine works by ______.

answer

stimulating the immune system to develop lasting defenses

question

Transgenic animals are currently used ______.

answer

to produce potentially useful proteins

question

Which of these can act as a vector to introduce new genes into a cell?

answer

plasmids

question

Of these steps, which occurs first in the production of a recombinant plasmid?

answer

isolation of a plasmid from a bacterium

question

Of these steps, which one occurs earliest in the process of producing recombinant DNA?

answer

The same restriction enzyme is used to isolate the gene of interest and to cut the plasmid DNA.

question

When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein, the ______.

answer

desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is taken up by the bacterium

question

The process of making multiple copies of a gene by inserting it into a host genome and culturing the host is an example of ______.

answer

gene cloning

question

A collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes an organism's entire genome is called a ______.

answer

genomic library

question

Nucleic acid probes are used to ______.

answer

find a specific nucleotide sequence

question

Restriction enzymes are obtained from ______.

answer

bacteria

question

"Sticky ends" are produced as a result of the action of ______.

answer

a restriction enzyme

question

"Sticky ends" are ______.

answer

single-stranded ends of fragments of double-stranded DNA

question

A DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads -ATTCG will bind with another DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads ______.

answer

TAAGC-

question

Which enzyme is used to bind DNA fragments together?

answer

DNA ligase

question

Of the following, which is the last step in the production of a recombinant DNA plasmid?

answer

using DNA ligase to join DNA fragments

question

You are attempting to link an individual to a crime. The only evidence you have is a tiny drop of blood. How can you use this drop of blood to make the association?

answer

You can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA available for restriction fragment analysis.

question

What name is given to a region of DNA that varies from person to person?

answer

genetic marker

question

Cutting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme produces DNA fragments that can be separated by ______.

answer

gel electrophoresis

question

To make restriction fragments, a DNA sample is treated with ______.

answer

restriction enzymes

question

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments on the basis of differences in their ______.

answer

length

question

STR analysis is a DNA profiling technique that makes use of the fact that different people have

answer

different numbers of repeats of short DNA sequences at certain sites in the genome.

question

The scientific field that studies complete sets of genes is called ______.

answer

genomics

question

The human genome contains approximately ______ genes.

answer

21,000

question

Approximately what percentage of the human genome consists of noncoding DNA?

answer

98%

question

The Human Genome Project has the potential to ______.

answer

play a role in all of the choices listed here

question

Which of these statements can be logically inferred from the amount of DNA shared by chimpanzees and humans?

answer

Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.

question

To find the nucleotide sequence of human chromosomes, chromosomes had to be digested into small fragments and then ______.

answer

cloned and sequenced

question

What technique is most commonly used to sequence entire genomes?

answer

the whole-genome shotgun method

question

The study of the full protein sets that genomes encode is _____.

answer

proteomics

question

In human gene therapy,

answer

normal versions of genes are transferred to patients who carry a mutated allele.

question

Genetically modifying human ______ cells may directly affect future generations.

answer

gametic

question

The possibility that Mongolian ruler Genghis Khan spread an unusual chromosome to nearly 16 million men living today resulted from studies of _____.

answer

the Y chromosome

question

At one point, you were just an undifferentiated, single cell. You are now made of many cells; some of these cells function as liver cells, some as muscle cells, some as red blood cells, while others play different roles. What name is given to the process that is responsible for this?

answer

cellular differentiation

question

The process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype is ______.

answer

gene expression

question

In bacteria, what name is given to a cluster of genes with related functions, along with their DNA control sequences?

answer

operon

question

Bacterial RNA polymerase binds to the ______. regulatory gene proto-oncogene promoter operator

answer

promoter

question

In prokaryotes, the production of a single RNA transcript for a group of related genes is under the control of the ______.

answer

operon

question

In an operon, the ______ acts as an on/off switch.

answer

operator

question

Which of the following turns off transcription by binding to the operator?

answer

repressor

question

Repressors act by blocking the binding of _____ to the operator.

answer

RNA polymerase

question

What would you assume if you found RNA transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes within E. coli?

answer

the presence of lactose

question

While examining a human cell that functions normally, you determine that it has 45 functional chromosomes and one chromosome that is almost completely inactive. You immediately decide that it is very likely that this cell ______.

answer

came from a normal human female

question

What is the first level of control of eukaryotic gene transcription?

answer

DNA packing and unpacking

question

Male tortoiseshell cats ______.

answer

are likely to be exceedingly rare and very likely to be sterile since normal male cats are XY

question

Which of these plays a role in the regulation of transcription in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

answer

attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter

question

In eukaryotic cells, repressor proteins inhibit transcription by binding to ______.

answer

silencers

question

Introns are ______.

answer

noncoding DNA sequences

question

Which of these is a type of post-transcriptional regulation

answer

alteration of proteins

question

How can a single RNA transcript be translated into different polypeptides?

answer

There is more than one way to splice an RNA transcript.

question

Cells communicate with one another via ______.

answer

signal transduction pathways

question

The "master control genes" that regulate other genes, which determine what body parts will develop in which locations, are called ______.

answer

homeotic genes

question

Which of these is most likely to cause the development of a six-legged frog?

answer

mutation of homeotic genes

question

Homeotic genes ______.

answer

are evidence of the common ancestry of eukaryotic organisms

question

Which of these techniques could tell you how gene expression differs between individuals with and without cystic fibrosis?

answer

DNA microarray

question

How is it that the cells in different body tissues are able to perform different functions?

answer

The cells exhibit different patterns of gene expression.

question

Possible uses of reproductive cloning include ______.

answer

the production of genetically identical animals for experimentation the production of organs in pigs for transplant into humans restocking populations of endangered animals

question

What is a difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?

answer

Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated; adult stem cells are partially differentiated.

question

What name is given to a gene that causes cancer?

answer

oncogene

question

Many proto-oncogenes regulate ______.

answer

cell division

question

Inheritance of certain genes increases the risk of getting certain cancers; thus, it can be said that ______.

answer

predisposition to these cancers is inherited

question

Data suggest that the normal version of BRCA1 functions as a(n) ______.

answer

tumor-suppressor gene

question

Which risk factors are associated with cancer of the colon and rectum?

answer

dietary fat

question

______ is(are) responsible for more cancers than any other carcinogen.

answer

Tobacco

question

More people die of ______ cancer than of any other cancer.

answer

lung

question

Which of these lifestyle choices will increase cancer risk?

answer

a diet low in plant fiber

question

DNA and RNA are polymers composed of ______ monomers.

answer

nucleotide

question

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

answer

Watson and Crick

question

Evidence for the spiral nature of DNA came from ______.

answer

X-ray crystallography studies

question

What type of chemical bond joins the bases of complementary DNA strands?

answer

hydrogen

question

After replication, ______.

answer

each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand

question

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for RNA synthesis?

answer

RNA polymerase

question

The region of DNA where RNA synthesis begins is the ______.

answer

promoter

question

The correct sequence of events occurring during transcription is ______.

answer

initiation, elongation, termination

question

The absence of a terminator in transcription will result in ______.

answer

the production of a longer RNA molecule

question

What protects mRNA from attack by cellular enzymes?

answer

a cap and tail

question

The expressed (coding) regions of eukaryotic genes are called ______.

answer

exons

question

The DNA codon AGT codes for an amino acid carried by a tRNA with the anticodon ______.

answer

AGU

question

Where is translation accomplished?

answer

ribosomes

question

During translation, what is the correct order of events that occur as an amino acid is added?

answer

codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation

question

Peptide bonds form between ______.

answer

amino acids

question

A mutation within a gene that will insert a premature stop codon in mRNA would ______.

answer

result in a shortened polypeptide chain

question

What is the smallest number of nucleotides that must be added or subtracted to change the triplet grouping of the genetic message?

answer

one

question

What is the ultimate source of all diversity?

answer

mutation

question

Mad cow disease is caused by

answer

infectious proteins called prions.

question

How can bacteriophage DNA be spread from cell to cell

answer

via a lysogenic cycle

question

A(n) ______ is to bacteria as a ______ is to animal cells.

answer

prophage... provirus

question

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) must use its own ______

answer

reverse transcriptase

BIC 002 Chapter 11-12 – Flashcards

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