ATI Community Health Nursing: Chapter 3 – Flashcards
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desired outcome of community health nurses in community health program planning
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collaborative leadership role; desired outcome is to plan, organize, implement, and evaluate intervention programs that address the specific health needs of the community
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community health program planning should reflect
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the priorities set as a result of analysis of community assessment data
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priorities are established based on
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-the extent of the problem -the relevance of the problem to the public -the estimated impact of intervention
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community assessment is
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-a comprehensive approach that emphasizes the community as a client
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the foundation for community-specific program planning
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community assessment and diagnosis
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community health nurse role in program planning
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-interacting w/ community partners serving the community at large -witnessing the interaction b/w community programs and the response of the client to the services -ID'ng future services based upon the visible needs of community members and population groups
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Components of a community assessment: PEOPLE
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-demographic: distribution, mobility, density, census data -biological factors: health and disease status, genetics, race age, gender, causes of death -social factors: occupation, activities, marital status, education, income, crime rates, recreation, industry -cultural factors: positions, roles, history, values, customs, norms, religion
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Components of a community assessment: PLACE/ENVIRONMENT
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-physical factors: geography, terrain, type of community, location of health services, housing, animal control -environmental factors: geography, climate, flora, fauna, topography, toxic substances, vectors, pollutants
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Components of a community assessment: SOCIAL SYSTEMS
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-health systems -economic systems/factors -education systems -religious systems -welfare systems -political systems -recreational systems/factors -legal systems -communication systems/factors -transportation systems -resources and services
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data is collected via
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-windshield survey -secondary data collection -interviews, etc. -they also include general knowledge as well as epidemiological concepts such as risk in a population
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interviews
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define: direct discussion to obtain ideas and opinions strength: cost, future-supporters, insight, literacy not required, detailed response limits: built-in bias, meeting times and place
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community forum
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define: open public meeting strength: community input, cost limits: time and place, off-topic, participation, shyness
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secondary data
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define: use existing data to assess problem strength: database of prior concerns/needs, ability to trend limits: old data, time-consuming
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participation observation
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define: observation of formal or informal community activities strength: indication of community priorities, environmental profile, and ID of power structures limits: bias, time-consuming, can't ask questions to people
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windshield survey
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define: assess several components by driving through strength: descriptive overview of community limits: need for driver, time-consuming, results based on visual judgement, no community input
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focus group
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define: directed talk with representative sample strength: supporters, insight, literacy not required limits: off-topic, participation, time-consuming, true representation of overall
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surveys
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define: specific questions asked in a written format strength: no contact required, written or online, random sampling, data collected on client population limits: low response, expensive, time-consuming, superficial data, requires literacy
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key components of health program planning
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-active involvement of the community as a partner -skill and time to do a competent assessment -shared conclusions w/ partners of the needed interventions -actual program planning, interventions, and evaluation
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components of community health program planning
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-preplanning -assessment -diagnosis -planning -implementation -evaluation
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preplanning description
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brainstorm ideas activities:
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preplanning activities
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-gain entry into community and establish trust -obtain community awareness, support, & involvement -coordinate collaborations that have similar interests in addressing identified problems
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assessment description
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collect data about the community and it's members
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assessment activities
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-complete a needs assessment and identify community strengths and weaknesses -assess the availability of community resources -evaluate secondary health data
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diagnosis description
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identify and prioritize heath needs of the community
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diagnosis activities
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-analyze data to determine health needs -work w/ community members, local health professionals, and administrators to develop priorities and establish outcomes -in setting priorities among identified community problems
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diagnosis considerations
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-community awareness of the problem -community readiness to acknowledge and address the problem -available expertise/fiscal resources -severity of the problem -amount of time needed for problem resolution
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planning description
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develop interventions to meet identified outcomes
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planning activities
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-determine possible solutions to meet the health need and select the best option -establish goals and objectives for the selected solution -select strategies/interventions by establishing a timetable -ID who will assume responsibility for each intervention -determine available and needed resources to implement interventions -assess the personnel needed and any special training they may require for screening or providing education -determine funding opportunities for needed interventions and develop a budget -plan for program evaluation
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implementation description
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carry out the plan
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implementation activities
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- initiate interventions to achieve goals and objectives according to program plan -monitor the intervention process and the response of the community in terms of its value, needs, and perceptions
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five stages of program implementation
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1. community acceptance of the program 2. specificity tasks and estimating needed resources 3. develop specific plans for program activity 4. establish a mechanism from program management 5. put plan into action
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evaluation description
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examine the success of the interventions
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evaluation activities
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-evaluate strengths and weaknesses of the program -determine achievement of desired outcomes -examine the adequacy, efficiency, appropriateness, and cost benefit of the program -recommended and implement modifications to better meet the needs of the community -share findings and recommendations with community members and stakeholders -ongoing evaluation is necessary in order to ensure program success and meet the changing needs of the community
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helpful strategies for implementing health programs
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-throughout assessment -accurate interpretation of data -collaboration with community partners -effective communication patterns -sufficient resources - logical planning -skilled leadership
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barriers to implementing health programs
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-inadequate assessment -inadequate or misconstructed data -no involvement with community partners -impaired communication -inadequate resources -lack of planning -poor leadership
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planning and programs include
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-cultural considerations -EBP
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effective programs are
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-comprehensive, flexible, responsive, and persevering -see the population served in the context of family -deal with families as part of neighborhoods -have long-term, preventive orientation, a clear mission, and continue to evolve over time -are well managed by competent and committed individuals with clearly identifiable skills -have staff who are trained and supported to provide high-quality, responsive services -operate in settings that encourage practitioners to build strong relationships of mutual trust and respect
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Question 1: A nurse is preparing to conduct a windshield survey. Which of the following data should the nurse collect as a component of this assessment? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) A. ethnicity of community members B. individuals who hold power within the community C. natural community boundaries D. prevalence of disease E. presence of public protection
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Answer: A, C, E
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Question 2: A nurse is completing a needs assessment and beginning analysis of data. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? A. determine health patterns B. compile collected data into a database C. ensure data collection is complete D. ID health need of the local community
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Answer: B -- this is the FIRST action the nurse should take; in order to adequately and appropriately analyze collected data the nurse must first compile collected data into a database
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Question 3: A nurse is planning a community health program. Which should the nurse include as part of the evaluation plan? A. determine availability of resources to initiate plan B. gain approval for the program from local leaders C. establish a timeline for implantation of intervention D. compare program impact to similar programs
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Answer: D -- the nurse should include comparing program impact to similar programs as part of the evolution plan; this comparison assists with determining the efficiency of the program
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Question 4: A nurse is conducting a community assessment. Which of the following data collection methods is the nurse using when having direct conservations with individual members of the community? A. key information interviews B. participant observation C. focus groups D. health surveys
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Answer: A -- informant interviews are direct conservations with individual community members for the purpose of obtaining ideas and opinions
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Question 5: A nurse us collecting data to ID health needs in the local community. Which of the following are examples of secondary data the nurse should review? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) A. birth statistics B. previous health survey results C. windshield survey D. community forum E. health records
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Answer: A,B, E
