Astronomy Science Olympiad Master – Flashcards
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Optical double
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not actually binaries simply two stars lying along same line of sight (similar RA & dec) Not gravitationally bound Not usefull in determining stellar masses
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Visual binary
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both stars resolved independently if orbital pd not too long, can monitor motion provides angular separation from center of mass If dist known, linear separations can be calculated
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Astrometric binary
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If one significantly brighter, not possible to see both directly Exitence deduced by observing oscillatory motion of visible member
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Spectrum binary
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two superimposed independent discernible spectra Doppler effect causes shifting of spectral lines
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Spectroscopic binary
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if period not too long Orbital motion has component along line of sight Periodic shift in spectral lines observable Only 1 set of periodically varying spectral lines seen
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Systems able to provide us with mass determination
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Visual binaries combined with parallax info Visual binaries with radial velocities available over complete orbit Eclipsing double-line spectroscopic binaries
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O stars
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Hottest blue-white stars with few lines Strong He II absorption (sometimes emission) lines He I absorption lines becoming stronger
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B stars
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Hot blue-white He I absorption lines strongest at B2 H I (Balmer) absorption lines getting stronger
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A stars
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White Balmer absorption lines strongest at A), becoming weaker later Ca II absorption lines becoming stronger
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F stars
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Yellow-white Ca II lines continue to increase, Balmer lines decrease Neutral metal absorption lines (Fe I, Cr I)
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G stars
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Yellow Solar-type spectra Ca II increase Fe I, other neutral metal increase
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K stars
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Cool orange Ca II H & K strongest K0, then decrease dominated by metal absorption
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M stars
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Cool red Molecular absorption bands (TiO, VO) Neutral metal absorption lines remain strong
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L stars
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Very cool, dark red Stronger in infrared Strong molecular absorption bands of metal hydrides, water, CO, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Alkalis TiO, VO decrease
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T stars
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Coolest, Infrared Strong methane, CO decrease
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Wolf-Rayet stars
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discovered by C.J.E. Wolf and G. Rayet Paris Observatory in 1867 more than 220 WR identified, most likely more 25,000 to 100,000 K losing mass at over 10^-5 Solar masses per year Wind speeds of 800 to 3000+ kilometers per second Rapidly rotating Can have starting masses of under 20 solar masses No dramatic variability
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P Cygni profile
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Absorption trough at short-wavelength edge superimposed on rather broad emission peak
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FU Orionis
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contain instabilities in circumstellar accretion disk Results in 0.01 solar masses being dumped T-Tauri may go through several stages
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Herbig Ae/Be
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named for George Herbig spectral type A or B strong emission lines 2 to 10 solar masses tend to be enveloped much shorter lifetimes
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Herbig-Haro objects
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contain jets of gas first discovered in vicinity of Orion nebula by george Herbig & Guillermo Haro in early 1950s
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Proplyds
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circumstellar disks around stars in Orion Nebula appear to protoplanetary disks around less than 1million year old stars Masses more than 2 * 10^25 kg
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Wien's law
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(Peak wavelength)(Temperature) = 0.002897755 mK
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Stefan Boltzmann Law
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Luminosity = 4(pi)(radius)^2(stefan-boltzmann constant)(effective temperature)^4 Stefan-Boltzmann constant - 5.670400*10^-8 W m^-2 K^4
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Stellar parallax
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d = 1/p" pc
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Distance modulus
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m-M = 5 log d - 5 = 5 log (d/10pc)
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Diffuse molecular clouds
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Also known as translucent molecular clouds 15 to 50 K n around 5 * 10^8 to 5*10^9 m^-3 M around 3 to 100 solar masses Several parsecs across
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Birth
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The life cycle differs between stars depending on their mass. Normal-mass stars begin in stellar nurseries, and some matter condenses to create a protostar. This gains more mass until fusion (H -> He) begins, when it becomes a main-sequence star.
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Stellar Nursery
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Also called a molecular cloud, is the cloud of matter from which stars originate. They are clouds primarily consisting of hydrogen which are dense and big enough that molecules are formed from atoms. They are not extremely common in the interstellar medium (ISM), but they are the densest objects in it. The molecular gas found in the Milky Way corresponds with its spiral system.
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Protostar
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When a star is in free-fall collapse.
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T Tauri Star
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Pre-main-sequence variable stars with spectral classes from F to M. They have many emission lines in their spectra, indicating their strong stellar winds. They are easy to identify and can be used as traces of solar-mass star formation regions. Appear within dark dust clouds.
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Main Sequence
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Stars spend the majority of their lives (about 80 percent) at this stage. How long a star remains here depends on its mass.
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H-R Diagram
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Important with regards to stellar evolution because it can be used to identify the life cycle of a star, as well as characteristics of the stars in a star cluster. Most stars will follow certain paths, so by plotting a star, we can estimate its position within the stellar evolutionary cycle.
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Hayashi Track
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Explains the lives of low-mass stars with solar masses less than 0.5, and it was developed by Japanese scientist Chushiro Hayashi. All stars in this track become fully convective, and so it mostly applies to red dwarves. As the stars become denser, they become less luminous, until fusion begins, when they get warmer. This leads them to the main sequence.
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Turnoff Point
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The point at which the stars deviate from the main sequence after using up most of their fuel.
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Andromeda
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M31 galaxy
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Cancer
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M44 Beehive Cluster
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Canes Venatica
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M51 Whirlpool Galaxy
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Deep Sky Object: NGC 7293
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Constellation: Aquarius AKA Helix nebula, large planetary nebula, closest nebula to earth in the constellation Aquarius.
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Star: NGC 281
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Constellation: Cassiopeia
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Deep Sky Object: 30 Doradus
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Constellation:Dorado
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Stars: Castor & Pollux
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Constellation: Gemini
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Deep Sky Object: M13 Globular Cluster
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Constellation: Hercules
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Star: Vega
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Constellation: Lyra
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Stars: Betelgeuse & Rigel
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Constellation: Orion
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Star: Algol
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Constellation: Perseus
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Deep Sky Objects: Sgr A, M17, G359.23-0.82
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Constellation: Sagittarius
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Star: Antares
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Constellation: Scorpius
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Stars: Aldebaran & HL Tau
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Constellation: Taurus
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Star: Polaris
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Constellation: Ursa Minor
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Stars: Mizar & Alcor
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Constellation: Ursa Major
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Star: Velorum
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Constellation: Vela
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Star: Spica
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Constellation: Virgo
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Astronomical Unit
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A.U. 1.496x10(11) meters
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Atomic Mass Constant
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Mu 1.6605386x10(-27) kg
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Boltzmann Constant
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k 1.3806505x10(-23) J K(-1)
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Electron Volt
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eV 1.60217653x10(-19) J
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Gravitational Constant
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G 6.6742x10(-11)m(3)kg(-1)s(2)
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Gravity Constant over h-bar
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G/h C 6.7087x10(-39) ((GeV/c(2))(-2)
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Light Year
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ly 9.4605x10(15)m
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Mass of Proton
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Mp 1.67262171x10(-27)kg
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Mass of Neutron
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Mn 1.67492728x10(-27)kg
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Mass of Electron
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Me 9.1093826x10(-31)kg
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Mass of Hydrogen Atom
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Mh 1.6735x10(-27)kg
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Parsec
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pc 3.0857x10(16) m
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Planck Constant
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h 6.6260693x10(-34) s
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Planck Constant over 2(pi)
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h(+) 1.05457168x10(-34) J s
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Rydberg Constant
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R(infinity) 6.6x10(-12)
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Solar Mass
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Mo 1.989x10(30)kg
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Solar Radius
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Ro 6.9599x10(8) m
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Solar Luminosity
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Lo 3.90x10(26) W
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Speed of Light
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c 299,792,458 m s(-1)
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Standard Atmosphere
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101,325 Pa
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Stefan-Boltzmann Constant
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o 5.670400x10(-8) W m(-2) K(-4)
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Wien Displacement Law
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b 2.8977685x10(-3) n K
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Year - Earth
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365.2564 days 3.156x10(7) sec
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Cas A
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A supernova remnant in the constellation Cassiopeia. It is about 11,000 light years away.
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Cygnus X-1
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A deep sky object in Cygnus constellation. It is an intense x-ray source neat Eta Cygni and is thought to be a black hole in orbit around the 9th-magnitude blue supergiant about 8,000 light-years away in our own galaxy.
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M1
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a supernova remnant in the constellation Taurus, the supernova was caused by a supergiant collapsing inward and exploding, in the center of the crab pulsar there is a rapidly rotating neutron star, crab pulsar is the strongest persistent source of x-rays and gamma rays
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Aquarius
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Found in region often called the sea, Brightest star: Beta Aquarii
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Auriga
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Brightest Star: Capella; Charioteer constellation is north of celestial equator, a hexagon with a very short side on top. Contains Capella.
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Carina
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Part of old constellation Argo Navis, Brightest star: Canopus
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Centaurus
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Brightest star: Alpha Centauri, Nearest star: Proxima Centauri
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Cassiopeia
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Brightest star: Alpha Cassiopeia; opposite of the Big Dipper on star map
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Dorado
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Brightest Star: Alpha Dorado
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Cygnus
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Known as the Northern Cross; Brightest star: Deneb
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Gemini
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Brightest Star: Pollux; Second Brightest Star: Castor
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Libra
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Brightest Star: Gliese 570; also contains Gliese 581, which has a planetary system of 6 planets
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Hercules
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Fifth largest modern constellation, Brightest Star: Beta Herculis
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Lyra
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Brightest Star: Vega, second brightest star in the northern hemisphere
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Orion
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Sometimes subtitled The Hunter; Brightest Stars: Rigel and Betelguese
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Perseus
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Brightest Star: Alpha Persei; most well-known star is Algol, the head of Medusa in Perseus's hand.
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Sagittarius
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Brightest Star: Epsilon Sagittarii
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Scorpius
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Brightest Star: Antares; constellation is largest one in southern hemisphere
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Taurus
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Brightest Star: Aldebaran; Taurus also includes two of the nearest open clusters to Earth, the Hyades and the Pleiades
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Ursa Minor
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Also known as the Little Bear or the Little Dipper; Brightest Star: Polaris
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Ursa Major
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Also known as the Great Bear or the Big Dipper; Brightest Star: Epsilon Majoris; there is also a double star with Mizar and Alcor
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Vela
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Another part of the Argo Navis (the sails); Brightest Star: Gamma Velorum
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Virgo
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Brightest Star: Spica; second largest constellation in the sky.
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Birth
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The life cycle differs between stars depending on their mass. Normal-mass stars begin in stellar nurseries, and some matter condenses to create a protostar. This gains more mass until fusion (H -> He) begins, when it becomes a main-sequence star.
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Stellar Nursery
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Also called a molecular cloud, is the cloud of matter from which stars originate. They are clouds primarily consisting of hydrogen which are dense and big enough that molecules are formed from atoms. They are not extremely common in the interstellar medium (ISM), but they are the densest objects in it. The molecular gas found in the Milky Way corresponds with its spiral system.
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Protostar
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When a star is in free-fall collapse.
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Absolute Magnitude
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The apparent magnitude a star would have if it were located at a standard distance of 10 parsecs (32.6 ly) from Earth
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Absorption Line
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A dark feature corresponding to the absorption of loght at that wavelength
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Absorption Nebula
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(a.k.a. dark nebula) A dust - laden cloud that blacks out light from background stars and appears as a dark patch in the sky
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Accelerating Universe
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A universe that expands at an accelerating rate. Current evidence indicates that the expansion of our universe had been slowing down under the action of gravity until about 6 billion years ago, but that since then it has been accelerating. The acceleration is believed to be driven by the repulsive influence of dark energy.
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Accretion
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1. The colliding and sticking together of small, solid particles and bodies to make progressively larger ones. 2. The process by which a body grows in mass by accumulatig matter from its surroundings.
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Accretion Disk
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A disk of gas that revolves around a star or a compact object such as a white dwarf, neutron star or black hole and has been drawn in from a companion star or from neighboring gas clouds.
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Active Galaxy
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A galaxy that emits an exceptional amount of energy over a wide range of wavelengths, from radio waves to X-Rays.
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Active Galactic Nucleus
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(AGN) The compact, highly luminous core of an active galaxy that, in many cases, varies markedly in brightness over time, and is thought to be powered by the accretion of gas onto a supermassive black hole.
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Active Prominence
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(Eruptive Prominence) Undergoes rapid changes.
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Albedo
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Ratio of the amount of loght reflected by a body, like a planet or part of its surface, to the amount of light it recieves from the sun. Can range from 0 - 1.
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Altazimuth Mounting
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Mounting that allows telescope to be rotated in altitude (horizontally) and in azimuth (vertically). Many modern telescopes are mounted like this, using computerized motors to drive the telescope in altitude and azimuth to drag an object's motion across the sky.
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Altitude
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The angular distance between the horizon and a celestial body. Takes values from 0 degrees to 90 degrees.
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Annual parallax
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The maximum angular displacement of a star from its mean position due to parallax. The greater the distance from a star, the smaller its parallax.
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Annual Proper Motion
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The angle (seldom more than a small fraction of 1 sec. of angular measurement) through which a star appears to shift in the course of 1 year.
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Annular Eclipse
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When the moon passes directly between the Sun and Earth when it is close to apogee, it will appear smaller than the Sun, and its dark disk will be surrounded by a ring, or annulus, of sunlight.
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Antimatter
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Material composed of antiparticles.
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Antiparticle
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An elementary particle that has the same mass as a particle of ordinary matter but exactly opposite values of other quantities auch as spin and electrical charge. If a particle and its antiparticle collide, both are annihilated and converted into energy.
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Aperture
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The clear diameter of the objective lens or primary mirror of a telescope or other optical instrument.
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Aphelion
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The point on its elliptical orbit at which a body such as a planet, asteroid or comet, is at its greatest distance from the Sun.
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Apogee
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The point on its elliptical orbit around Earth at which a body such as the moon or a spacecraft is at its greatest distance from the Earth.
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Arachnoid
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A type of stucture, found on the surface of Venus, that consists of concentric circular or oval fractures or ridges, together with a complex network of fractures or ridges that radiate outward. Its name derives from its superficial resemblance to a spider web. Typical diameters range from 30 - 110 miles (50 - 175 km).
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Asterism
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A conspicuous pattern of stars that is not itself a constellation. A well - known example is the Big Dipper, which forms part of the constellation Ursa Major (the Great Bear).
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Asteroid
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One of the vast number of small bodies that revolve independently around the sun. Their diameters range from a few yards (meters) to around 600 miles (1,000 km).
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Astronomical Unit (AU)
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A unit of distance measurement equal to the semimajor axis of Earth's elliptical orbit, equalivent to the average of the maximum and minimum distances between the Earth and the Sun. 1 AU = 92,956,000 miles (149,598,000 km).
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Atom
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A basic building block of matter that is the snallest unit of the chemical element possessing the characteristics of that element. It consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons, surrounded by a cloud of electrons. An atom has the same number of orbiting electrons as it has protons, so it is neutral (has no electrical charge). The chemical identity of an atom is determined by the number of protons in its nucleus.
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Aurora
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A glowing, flucuating display of light that is produced when charged particles entering a planet's upper atmosphere, usually in the vicinity of its north and south magnetic poles, collide with atoms and stimulate them to emit light.
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Azimuth
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The angle between the north point on an observer's horizon and a celestial object, measured in a clockwise direction around the horizon. The azimuth of die north is 0 degrees, due east 90, due south 180 and due west 270.
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Barred Spiral Galaxy
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Has spiral arms emanating from the ends of an elongated, bar - shaped nucleus.
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Baryon
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A particle, composed of three quarks, that is acted on by the strong nuclear force. Examples include protons and neutrons, the building block of atomic nuclei.
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Big Bang
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The event in which the universe was born. According to Big Bang theory, the universe originated a finite time ago in an extremely hot, dense initial state and ever since then has been expanding. The Big Bang was the origin of space, time and matter.
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Big Crunch
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The final state that will be reached by the universe if it eventually ceases to expand and then collapses in on itself.
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Big Rip
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The tearing apart of all forms of structure in the universe - galaxy clusters, galaxies, stars, planets, atoms, and elementary particles - that is expected to occur should the repulsive effect of dark energy become infinitely strong in a finite time.
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Binary star
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Two or more stars that revovle around each other under the influence of their initial gravitational attraction. Each member star orbits the center of mass of the system, a point that lies closer to the more massive of the two stars.
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Black Body
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An idealized body that absorbs and reemits all the radiations that fall on its surface and which is a perfect radiator. A black body emits a continuous spectrum of radiation (black - body radiation) that peaks in brightness at a wavelength that depends on its surface temperature - the hogher the temerature, te shorter the wavelength of peak brightness.
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Black Dwarf Star
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A white dwarf star that has been cooled to such a low temperature that it emits no detectable light. There has not been enough time since the origin of the universe to cool down enough to become a black dwarf star.
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Black Hole
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A compact region of space, surrounding a collapsed mass, within which gravity is so powerful that no material object, light, or any other radiation can escape to the outside universe.
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Blazar
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The most variable type of active galaxy, which includes BI, Lacerate objects and the most violently variable quasars.
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Bt. Lacerate Object
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A type of active galaxy that has
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NGC 6240
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Is the result of a collision of two supermassive black holes in the same galaxy; Binary black holes; About 330 million light years (redshift = 0.0245)
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3C321
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Centaurus A, Jet from a black hole at the center of a galaxy striking another galaxy ;About 1.4 billion light years
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Stephan's Quintet
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Galaxy collision; One galaxy passing through the core of 4 galaxies; About 280 million light years (redshift z = 0.02) ; HCG 92
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MACSJ0717.5+3745
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where four separate galaxy clusters have been involved in a collision, the first time such a phenomenon has been documente;About 5.4 billion light years
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Bullet Cluster
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Collision of two galaxy clusters, of dark matter and the dynamics of million-degree gas; About 3.8 billion light years
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Perseus A
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a strong emitter of X-rays due to the presence of a black hole in the center of the galaxy; About 250 million light years
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SN 2006gy
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The supernova SN 2006gy is the brightest and most energetic stellar explosion ever recorded and may be a long-sought new type of explosion;About 238,000,000 light years
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NGC 4603
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Spiral Galaxy ; Most distant galaxy with beckoning Cepheids
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NGC 2623
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that a merger of two or three galaxies has occurred; 291 million light years
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NGC 1068
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gas blowing away in a high-speed wind from the vicinity of a central supermassive black hole ;50 million light years
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SN1996ber
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Supernova
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NGC 7771
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3 Galaxies in group; Biggest spiral
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JKC 5041
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Most distant galaxy cluster ever discovered; Discovered when Universe was 1/4 its current age
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H2356-309
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Vast resevoir of gas ; near wall type structure of galaxies
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Quasar
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A distant galaxy that emits a huge amount of energy; Produced by gas falling into a supermassive black hole in the center of the galaxy
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AGN
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Active Galactic Nucleus; The central region of a galaxy that shows unuasal energetic activity
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Galaxy Cluster
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Galaxies can swarm togethterto form groups and clusters of galaxies held together by their mutual gravity.
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Dark matter
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A term used to describe the mass in galaxies that can be inferred to exist from its gravitational effects, but has not been directly detected by electromagnetic radiation
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Type- 1 Supernova
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One possible explosive death of a star.An accretion of gas from a companion star or another white dwarf pushing another white dwarf creating explosive nuclear fusion reactions that release an enormous amount of energy
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Type 2 Supernova
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One possible explosive death of a star in which the massive highly evolved stellar core rapidly implodes and then explodes.
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Eclipsing binary
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Rare binary- star system that is aligned in such a way from Earth we observe one star pass in front of the other, eclipsing the other star
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Supermassive Black hole
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Giant black hole, with a mass millions to billions of times that of our Sun, thought to reside in the centers of many galaxies and to power active galactic nuclei.
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Black hole
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a region of space resulting from the collapse of a star
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X-ray Binaries
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a binary star system in which one of the stars, or the gas associated with a star emits x-rays intensely,
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Kepler's First law
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All planets move about the sun in an elliptical orbit with the sun at one focus
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Kepler's Second Law
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As the planet moves in its orbit, a line from the sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times
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Kepler's Third Law
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A planet orbital period squared, is porportional to its average distance from the sun cubed; A^3=P^2
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Hubble's Law
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The principle that states the distance of external galaxies from the earth is proportional to their redshift
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Hubble's Constant
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The constant which determines the relationship between the distance to a galaxy and its velocity of recession due to the expansion of the Universe
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Orion
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a constellation on the equator east of Taurus between Betelqeuse and rigel
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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the entire frequency range of electromagnetic waves
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Epsilon Aurigae
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binary star system of about third magnitude having one of the longest orbital periods (27 years) among eclipsing binaries; 2,000 light-years from Earth
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Light year
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the distance traveled by light moving in a vacuum in the course of one year
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spectra
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an array of entities, as light waves or particles, ordered in accordance with the magnitudes of a common physical property, as wavelength or mass: often the band of colors produced when sunlight is passed through a prism, comprising red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
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light curves
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a graph showing variations in brightness of celestial objects over time.
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cosmological distance
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Distance measures are used in physical cosmology to give a natural notion of the distance between two objects or events in the universe.
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apparent magnitude
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The apparent magnitude (m) of a celestial body is a measure of its brightness as seen by an observer on Earth, adjusted to the value it would have in the absence of the atmosphere.
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stellar magnitude
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He called the brightest ones "of the first magnitude," simply meaning "the biggest." Stars not so bright he called "of the second magnitude," or second biggest. The faintest stars he could see he called "of the sixth magnitude.
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stellar classification
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In astronomy, stellar classification is the classification of stars based on their spectral characteristics. Light from the star is analyzed by splitting it with a prism or diffraction grating into a spectrum exhibiting the rainbow of colours interspersed with absorption lines. Each line indicates an ion of a certain chemical element, with the line strength indicating the abundance of that ion
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diffraction grafting
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an optical component with a periodic structure, which splits and diffracts light into several beams travelling in different directions
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spectral line
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a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from a deficiency or excess of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies
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x-rays
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a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV. However, much higher-energy X-rays can be generated for medical and industrial uses, for example radiotherapy, which utilizes linear accelerators to generate X-rays in the ranges of 6-20 MeV. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays
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ultraviolet
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light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays, that is, in the range between 400 nm and 10 nm, corresponding to photon energies from 3 eV to 124 eV. It is so-named because the spectrum consists of electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than those that humans identify as the color violet. These frequencies are invisible to most humans except those with aphakia. Near-UV is visible to a number of insects and birds.
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optic
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the branch of physics which involves the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it
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radio waves
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a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light. Radio waves have frequencies from 300 GHz to as low as 3 KHz, and corresponding wavelengths ranging from 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 100 kilometers (62 mi). Like all other electromagnetic waves, they travel at the speed of light. Naturally occurring radio waves are made by lightning, or by astronomical objects.
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stellar evolution
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Stellar evolution is the process by which a star undergoes a sequence of radical changes during its lifetime.
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nuclear fission
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a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of a particle splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei). The fission process often produces free neutrons and photons (in the form of gamma rays), and releases a very large amount of energy even by the energetic standards of radioactive decay.
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Mira
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known as omicron ceti long period pulsating red giants that are about the size of the sun. They have entered the last phase of evolution, and will eventually become white dwarfs. more info in the second chapter two packet.
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W49B
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W49B (also known as SNR G043.3-00.2 or 3C 398) is a nebula resulting from a supernova.[1] If the supernova was visible from Earth it would have been seen around 1000 AD (the remnant "is about a thousand years old") which may have produced a gamma-ray burst[2] and may have produced a black hole.[3] W49B is barrel-shaped and located roughly 26,000 light-years from Earth. Recent findings indicate infrared "rings" (about 25 light-years in diameter) around the "barrel", and also indicate intense X-ray radiation coming from nickel and iron along its axis. The star that created this nebula is thought to have formed from a dense dust cloud before throwing off hot, gaseous rings, creating a bubble, and exploding.
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stellar evolution
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How stars are made and what they undergo during their lifespan.
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mass
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Defines the length of life that a star has.
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nitrogen
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Most common and useful element in a star.
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nuclear fusion
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The process that stars use to create power that allows them to stay alive and orbit.
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Nebulae
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(Molecular Clouds) The living of material of a star: Made by combining collapsed clouds with gravitational pull and and dust.
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protostar
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When the molecular clouds have combined to their fullest potential, resulting in a solid form of mass, and a loss of outside gravity unless additional clouds are available outside of the nebulae.
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Cas A
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A supernova remnant in the constellation Cassiopeia. It is about 11,000 light years away.
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Cygnus X-1
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A deep sky object in Cygnus constellation. It is an intense x-ray source neat Eta Cygni and is thought to be a black hole in orbit around the 9th-magnitude blue supergiant about 8,000 light-years away in our own galaxy.
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M1
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a supernova remnant in the constellation Taurus, the supernova was caused by a supergiant collapsing inward and exploding, in the center of the crab pulsar there is a rapidly rotating neutron star, crab pulsar is the strongest persistent source of x-rays and gamma rays
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Cas A
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Type IIb Supernova remnant
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IGR J17091 (also IGR J17091-3624)
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Stellar Mass Black hole (maybe smallest), fastest winds ever recorded
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NGC 6888 (WR 136)
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Wolf Rayet star
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PSR J0108-1431
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Very old Solitary Pulsar/ Neutron Star, in Cetus, 2nd faintest pulsar
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Cygnus X-1
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Binary System with a Blue Supergiant and a compact Object which is likely a Black Hole. The Blue Supergiant is a variable star.
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SXP 1062
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Pulsar in SMC, Supernova created it, maybe Accreting Magnetar
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M1 (Aka Crab Nebula, Taurus A, NGC 1952, SN 1054)
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Supernova remnant, Type I, Pulsar wind nebula (PWN)
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V838 Mon (Monocerotis)
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Red variable star
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Delta Cep
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Binary star system/ Cepheid variable star (pop 1)
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Alpha Orionis (Aka Betelgeuse)
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Semi-regular variable star/Red Giant
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SN 2010JL
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Type IIn Supernova
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NGC 3582
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Nebula/Stellar Nursery
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LHa115-N19 (Aka: N19)
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Supernova/ supernova remnants, in Small Magellanic Cloud, super bubbles forming
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Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex (Antares)
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Dark Nebula w/ Red Supergiant (16th brightest star)
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IC 1396 (aka Elephant Trunk Nebula)
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Ionized gas region/ Nebula
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Cetus
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Mira
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Cassiopeia
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Cas A ; Tycho's star
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Dorado
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LMC
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Lyra
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Vega & M57 Ring Nebula
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Mensa
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LMC
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Orion
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Betelgeuse, Rigel, M42 Orion Nebula
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Perseus
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Algol
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Sagittarius
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Sgr A
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Scorpius
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Antares
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Taurus
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Aldebaran, Hyades Star Cluster, M1 Crab Nebula & M45 Pleiades.
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Tuscana
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SMC
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Ursa Minor
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Polaris
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Ursa Major
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Mizar & Alcor
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Virgo
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Spica
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Orion
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Constellation in the Northern Hemisphere opposite Scorpius so that this constellation sets as scorpion rises in the sky. It represents a giant hunter or warrior followed by his dogs (the constellation Canis Major and Canis Minor). Its most distinctive feature is Orion's belt, a line of three second-magnitude stars. Note: In late October each year, the Orionid meteors appear to radiate from a point near the border of Gemini.
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Bootes
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Herdsman constellation in the Northern Hemisphere that lies in the Milky Way between Cassiopeia and Auriga. It represents the character who was sent to slay Medusa, the Gorgon, in Greek mythology., Constellation in the Northern Hemisphere that extends from Draco and the handle of the Big Dipper in the north to Virgo in the south. This constellation represents a man herding a bear (Ursa Major). Contains Arcturus (fourth brightest star in the night sky); constellation contains many bright stars
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Ursa Major
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Constellation found in the Northern Hemisphere. Seven of its stars form the Big Dipper. It represents the Great Bear. The two stars in the dipper's bowl farthest from the handle, Alpha and Beta Ursae Majoris, point toward the north Pole Star, Polaris. In Greek mythology, The Great Bear is identified with two different characters. One is Callisto who was turned into a bear by Zeus's wife, Hera, in a fit of jealousy. The other is Adrasteia, one of two nymphs who nursed the infant Zeus, hiding him from the his murderous father, Cronus.
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Canis Minor
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Constellation in the Northern Hemisphere. It is the smaller of the two dogs of Orion, the hunter.
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Aquila
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Constellation in the Northern Hemisphere with Cygnus to the north and Scutum and Sagitarrius to the south. It represents a flying eagle. Also Is under the Constellation Hercules. Contains Altair.
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Canis Major
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Constellation in the Southern Hemisphere. It is one of the two dogs following Orion, the hunter. Whirlpool Galaxy. Contains Sirius (brightest star in the night sky)
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Cassiopiea
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Seen in the North all year around (the Lady in the chair)
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Cepheus
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This constellation contains NGC 188, the oldest star cluster in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Cygnus
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a constellation in the northern hemisphere between Pegasus and Draco in the Milky Way
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Draco
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(adj): Excessively harsh (penalties); an allusion to an athenian lawmaker in the 7th century whose legal code was unusually severe
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Gemini
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Contains Castor and Pollux.
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Leo
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the lion that Hercules slayed and then turned into a star.
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Lyra
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Constellation in the Northern Hemisphere lies on the edge of the Milky Way next to Cygnus. It represents the instrument played by Orpheus. Note: The Lyrid meteors radiate from a point near the star Vega around April 21-22 every year.
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Pegasus
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(Greek mythology) immortal winged horse that sprang from the blood of the slain Medusa . then when it died it was put into the stars
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Scorpio
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Arachnid that has a long tail with a poisonous, needlelike point on the end. Scorpio killed Orion
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Taurus
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Constellation in the Northern Hemisphere. It represents a bull that was said, in Greek mythology, to be the disguise of the god Zeus
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Virgo
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Found in the northern hemisphere, it is the 2nd largest constellation overall. It has Bootes to the north, Corvus to the south, and Libra to the west. It represents a virgin. 5 to 10 light years away from earth.
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Arcturus
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the 4th brightest star and the brightest star in the constellation Bootes
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Sirius
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Brightest star in the night sky. The "dog" star. Actually a binary star.
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Procyon
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Binary star system, looks like single star. The eighth-brightest star in in the sky found in the Canis Minor Constellation. It has a magnitude of 0.4. It is at a distance of 11.4 light-years to earth. It is slightly farther away than the other dog star, Sirius in Canis Major.
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Deneb
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Brightest star in the Cygnus Constellation. It lies in the tail of the swan. It is a supergiant with a magnitude of 1.3 and over 3,000 light-years away. It is the most distant first-magnitude star.
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Pollux
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Giant, K (Luminosity class, spectral class)
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Regulus
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(aka Alpha Leonis) Brightest star and a rapidly rotating double star in the Leo Constellation located in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Vega
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is the old north star.
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Betelgeuse
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Red supergiant star in the Orion Constellation located in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Rigel
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A luminous blue supergiant star in the Orion Constellation located in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Antares
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Red supergiant star in the Scorpius Constellation located in the Southern Hemisphere.
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Aldebaran
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A red giant in the Taurus Constellation located in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Pleiades
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M57, an open cluster of a few hundred stars in constellation Taurus; six of the stars are easily visible to the naked eye
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Hyades
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Nearest open cluster to the Solar System and one of the best-studied of all star clusters. Located inm Taurus.
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Merak
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Pointer star for Polaris. Apparent brightness=2.37. Bottom right star of the spoon of the Big Dipper
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Dubhe
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Star at the top of the basket of ursa major, points toward polaris.
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Polaris
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A creamy-white supergiant star that is a Cepeid variable in the Ursa Minor Constellation located in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Spica
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The brightest star in the Virgo constellation located in the Northern Hemisphere. It is found at the southern tip of Virgo's sloping Y shape.
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Cas A
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Type IIb Supernova remnant
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IGR J17091 (also IGR J17091-3624)
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Stellar Mass Black hole (maybe smallest), fastest winds ever recorded
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NGC 6888 (WR 136)
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Wolf Rayet star
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PSR J0108-1431
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Very old Solitary Pulsar/ Neutron Star, in Cetus, 2nd faintest pulsar
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Cygnus X-1
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Binary System with a Blue Supergiant and a compact Object which is likely a Black Hole. The Blue Supergiant is a variable star.
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SXP 1062
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Pulsar in SMC, Supernova created it, maybe Accreting Magnetar
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M1 (Aka Crab Nebula, Taurus A, NGC 1952, SN 1054)
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Supernova remnant, Type I, Pulsar wind nebula (PWN)
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V838 Mon (Monocerotis)
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Red variable star
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Delta Cep
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Binary star system/ Cepheid variable star (pop 1)
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Alpha Orionis (Aka Betelgeuse)
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Semi-regular variable star/Red Giant
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SN 2010JL
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Type IIn Supernova
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NGC 3582
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Nebula/Stellar Nursery
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LHa115-N19 (Aka: N19)
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Supernova/ supernova remnants, in Small Magellanic Cloud, super bubbles forming
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Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex (Antares)
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Dark Nebula w/ Red Supergiant (16th brightest star)
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IC 1396 (aka Elephant Trunk Nebula)
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Ionized gas region/ Nebula
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Altair
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Single star, 16.7 light years away, A7 in spectral class. In the constellation Aquila.
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CoRoT-2A
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Yellow dwarf star, with a planet closely orbiting it. G7 class, 930 light yrs.
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SS433
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Eclipsing x-ray binary system, primary star most likely a black hole or neutron star.
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Arcturus
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Single star, 4th brightest star in sky, 36.7 light years away
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Sirius
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Binary star system, looks like single star. Brightest in sky, 36.7 light years away.
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Carina
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Keel constellation, contains Eta Carinae.
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Vela SNR
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This is the pulsar located within the DSO.
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Eta Carinae
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Stellar System, 7500-8000 light years away,
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NGC 1846
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This is a picture of the entire cluster. Contains a green nebula "bubble."
