question

Inner Planets- Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

answer

Terrestrial Planets

question

o Small o Rocky o Very close to the sun o Few Moons o No rings

answer

Characteristics of Terrestrial Planets

question

Mars and Jupiter

answer

Most asteroids orbit the Sun between ____ and ______

question

Outer Planets- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

answer

Jovian Planets

question

o Enormous o Gaseous o Far from the Sun o Separated by large distances o Have ring systems o Many moons

answer

Characteristics of Jovian Planets

question

Sculpted by volcanic activity. It orbits very close to Jupiter because the force of gravity is so strong

answer

Io

question

May harbor liquid water beneath icy surface. High probability of life

answer

Europa

question

• Rotates on side • System of rings and satellites revolve around • Hazy atmosphere with few clouds • Tilt = extreme seasons o 84 years to orbit sun

answer

Uranus

question

Dust collects together into planetesimals. Planetesmials collect together into protoplanets. Protoplanets gather up left over debris and become planets.

answer

Dust collects together into _________. _________ collect together into _________. _________ gather up left over debris and become planets.

question

The solar system formed from a cloud of cold gas and dust that collapsed (solar nebula) about 4.6 billion years ago

answer

Nebular Theory

question

Rocky asteroids

answer

Inside frost line

question

Icy comets

answer

Outside frost line

question

Terrestrial Planets

answer

Surfaces altered during Heavy Bombardment. Accreted from planetesimals of rock and metal.

question

Jovian Planets

answer

Formed in regions cold enough for water to freeze. Ejected icy planetesimals that are now Oort cloud comets. Accreted from icy planetesimals. Formed in a region of the solar system with lower orbital spin. Large moons formed in surrounding disks of material.

question

More massive and lower in average density

answer

Compared to terrestrial planets, jovian planets are

question

• Hydrogen and helium gas (Highest) • Hydrogen compounds • Rock • Metals

answer

Abundance in the Solar Nebula

question

• Metal (highest temperature) • Rock • Hydrogen compounds • Hydrogen and helium gas

answer

Temperature at which material would condense

question

• Hydrogen compounds (farthest) • Rock • Metals

answer

Distance from the Sun at which they could condense into a solid in the solar nebula

question

Colliding cloud particles exchange angular momentum and, on average, end up with the rotation pattern for the cloud as a whole

answer

The nebular theory predicts that the cloud will flatten into a disk as it shrinks in size. The collapsing cloud should form a disk because:

question

All

answer

How many of the planets orbit the Sun in the same direction as Earth does?

question

Hydrogen and Helium

answer

What is Jupiter's main ingredient?

question

fairly circular and in the same plane

answer

Planetary orbits in our solar system are

question

Hydrogen and helium

answer

The composition of the solar nebula was 98%

question

Collapse, condensation, accretion

answer

Major steps of solar system formation:

question

Comets

answer

Leftover ice rich planetesimals are called

question

A sun like star is about a billion times brighter than the light reflected from its planets

answer

Why are extrasolar planets difficult to detect?

question

• The sun and Jupiter orbit around their common center of mass • The sun wobbles around that center of mass with the same period as Jupiter • The Sun's motion around the solar system's center of mass depends on tugs from all the planets • Astronomers around other stars that measured this motion could determine the masses and orbits of all our solar system's planets

answer

Gravitational tugs

question

• Detect planets by measuring the change in a star's position on the sky • Good technique for finding: o Massive planets (greater gravitational tug) o Further planets (further the center of mass)

answer

Astrometric Technique

question

• Measuring a star's Doppler shift can tell its motion toward and away from us o First extrasolar planet to be discovered= 51 Pegasi • Good technique for finding: o Close Stars o Massive Stars

answer

Doppler Technique

question

• Orbital period, distances, and shape • Planet mass, size, and density • Atmospheric properties

answer

What properties of extrasolar planets can we measure?

question

• Astrometric technique • Doppler Technique • Transit Method

answer

How do we measure orbital period?

question

Newton's version of Kepler's 3rd Law

answer

How do we measure average orbital distance?

question

• Astrometric technique • Doppler technique

answer

How do we measure orbital shape?

question

• Astrometric technique • Doppler technique

answer

How do we measure planet mass?

question

Transit method

answer

How do we measure planets size (radius) ?

question

When a planet crosses in front of a star • This reduces the star's apparent brightness and tells us the planet's radius

answer

Transit

question

Density = Mass/Volume o Can get a planet's density if we know its mass (Doppler method) and its radius (from transit method)

answer

How do we measure planet density?

question

Transit Method

answer

How do we measure atmospheric composition and temperature?

question

Transit Method

answer

What method has detected the most extrasolar planets so far?

question

Less than 1%

answer

What fraction of extrasolar planets could be detected by the transit method?

question

Astronomic Method

answer

Which method could detect a planet in an orbit that is face-on to the Earth?

question

Transit Method

answer

Which detection method was used by the Kepler Mission?

question

Farther from its star

answer

For a planet of a particular mass, the astrometric method will detect the largest stellar motion if the planet orbits ___________

question

Transit and Doppler

answer

To determine a planet's average density, we can use the ______ methods together

question

several thousand planet candidates

answer

Kepler spacecraft had discovered in total several _____ planets candidates during all the time of its operation, most of them are thought to be real planets.

question

• Corona (first) • Chromosphere • Photosphere

answer

Layers of the Sun's atmosphere

question

• Photosphere (highest) • Chromosphere • Corona

answer

Density of layers of the Sun's atmosphere

question

• Corona (hottest) • Chromosphere • Photosphere

answer

Temperature of layers of the Sun's atmosphere

question

• Corona (highest) • Chromosphere • Photosphere

answer

Energy of photons in the layers of Sun's atmosphere

question

Core

answer

Nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium occurs in the ____

question

Convection zone

answer

Energy moves through the Sun's __________ by means of the rising of hot gas and falling of cool gas

question

Photosphere

answer

Nearly all the visible light we see from the Sun is emitted from the ________.

question

Chromosphere

answer

Most of the Sun's UV light is emitted from the narrow layer called the _____ where temperature increases with altitude.

question

Corona

answer

We can see the Sun's ____ most easily during total solar eclipses.

question

Radiation zone

answer

The _________ is the layer of the Sun between its core and convection zone.

question

• An increase in the core temperature- Increases the fusion rate because the fusion rate is very sensitive to temperature • A decrease in the core radius- A decrease in the core radius causes the core to heat up and increase in density, which therefore leads to an increased fusion rate.

answer

Would cause the fusion rate in the Sun's core to increase

question

• If the fusion rate initially increases, then the core expands- Increasing the fusion rate releases more energy into the core, which raises the temperature and increases the internal pressure, causing the core to expand. • If the fusion rate initially decreases, then the core contracts- Decreasing the fusion rate means less energy is released, so the temperature and internal pressure decreases.

answer

Must occur for a star's core to reach equilibrium after an initial change in fusion rate

question

The Sun's core would start to heat up and the rate of fusion would increase even more.

answer

What would happen if the fusion rate in the core of the Sun were increased but the core could not expand?

question

Helium, energy, and neutrinos

answer

At the center of the Sun, fusion converts hydrogen into

question

Photons

answer

Solar energy leaves the core of the Sun in the form of

question

Changes in the organization of the SUn's magnetic field

answer

What causes the cycle of solar activity?

question

• Rocky core • High pressure water • Liquid hydrogen and helium

answer

Uranus and Neptune have similar interiors

question

FIND

answer

If you observe a star rising directly in the east, where do you need to look to see it when it is at its highest position above the horizon?

question

We would continue to experience seasons in the same way we do now.

answer

Imagine that the Earth's orbit were changed to a perfect circle about the Sun so that the distance to the Sun never changed. How would this affect the seasons?

question

FIND

answer

Why do the patterns of the stars in our sky look the same from year to year?

question

the planets would all be marble size or smaller and the nearest stars would be thousands of miles away.

answer

If we represent the solar system on a scale that allow us to walk from the Sun to Pluto in a few minutes, then

question

Full phase and crossing Earth's orbital plane

answer

In what phase and location described below will the Moon by when a lunar eclipse occurs?

question

14 billion years

answer

What is the approximate age of the Universe?

question

Full

answer

If the Moon is in a first quarter phase now, in which phase will it be one week from now?

question

Collection of a few million to a trillion or more stars, bound together by gravity.

answer

A typical galaxy is a

question

over many days or weeks, the planet moves westward relative to the stars, rather than the usual eastward relative to the stars

answer

During the time that a planet is in its period of apparent retrograde motion

question

Synodic month (29.5 days)

answer

The time it takes the moon to go from one new phase to the next phase to the next new phase is called a

question

Less than half

answer

During the waxing crescent moon phase, how much of the illuminated portion of the Moon's surface is visible from Earth?

question

Yes if we had a big enough telescope

answer

Could we see a galaxy that is 20 billion light years away?

question

FIND OUT

answer

Relative to the age of the universe, how old is our solar system?

question

be moving away from us, with more distant ones moving faster

answer

Astronomers infer that the universe is expanding because distance galaxies all appear to

question

The plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun

answer

What is the ecliptic plane

question

Counterclockwise

answer

The direction of Earth's rotation is

question

It is the slight back and forth shifting of stars positions that occurs as we view the stars from different positions in Earth's orbit of the Sun

answer

What is the stellar parallax?

question

Time

answer

A light year is a unit of

question

A few miles

answer

If the Milky Way were shrunk down to the size of a tennis ball, the nearest large galaxy to us would be at a distance of

question

Sunrise

answer

A new moon rises at

question

More than 3

answer

If the moon is in the new phase today, how many of the Moon phases (5) would the Moon go through during the next 14 days?

question

The axis points toward Vega

answer

In winter, Earth's axis points toward the star Polaris, In spring

question

60° N

answer

Which latitude gets 20 hours of sunlight on the northern hemisphere summer solstice?

question

Earth is passing by Mars in its orbit around the Sun

answer

What is really happening in space during the periods when we see Mars going through apparent retrograde motion?

question

FIND OUT

answer

Size of the following objects from smallest to largest

question

FIND OUT

answer

Why did Ptolemy have the planets orbiting Earth on "circles upon circles" in his model of the universe?

question

26 protons, 30 neutrons, 26 electrons

answer

An atom of the element iron has an atomic number of 26 and an atomic mass number of 56. If it is neutral, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons does it have?

question

FIND OUT

answer

Kepler's second law, which states that as a planet moves around its orbit it sweeps out equal areas in equal times, means that

question

The ball has a velocity that is upward and an acceleration that is downward

answer

You throw a ball straight up in the air. On its way up, what can you say about its velocity and acceleration?

question

FIND OUT

answer

Galileo observed which of the following phases of Venus

question

Mass, velocity, and radius

answer

What quantities does angular momentum depend upon?

question

Increase by a factor of four

answer

According to the universal law of gravitation, if you double the mass of both attracting objects, then the gravitational force between them will

question

Io will have the shorter period

answer

Jupiter's moon Europa orbits at an average distance of 420,000 miles and Jupiter's moon Io orbits at an average distance of 262,000 miles. According to Kepler's 3rd Law,

question

Kepler

answer

He discovered that the orbits of planets of ellipse

question

FIND OUT

answer

The mass of Jupiter can be calculated by

question

FIND OUT

answer

Suppose that a planet is moving in its elliptical path around its star. If for some reason the planet were to stop moving, what would happen?

question

Tycho Brahe

answer

The best naked eye astronomer of all time is

question

Kinetic energy

answer

Thermal energy would be classified as a type of

question

Ball B

answer

Two balls of identical mass are held above the Earth's surface. Ball A is held one meter above the ground and Ball B is held 2 meters above the ground. WHich ball has the greater gravitational potential energy?

question

Earth and you exert equal magnitude forces on each other

answer

Is the force that Earth exerts on you larger, smaller, or the same as the force you exert on it?

question

Shorter

answer

The higher the energy of a photon, the _____ its wavelength is.

question

FIND OUT

answer

According to the universal law of gravitation, if you quadruple the distance between two objects, then the gravitational force between them

question

FIND OUT

answer

As we talked about in class, the size of a telescope indicates the diameter of its primary mirror or lens. Bigger is always better, but exactly how much better is a 12 inch reflecting telescope compared to a 6 inch reflecting telescope?

question

Mass

answer

Suppose that the radius of the planet's orbit is able to be determined from the measured Doppler shifts. Using Newton's version of Kepler's 3rd Law, what property of the orbited star could be determined from such information?

question

FIND OUT

answer

What would happen to the core of the Sun if its temperature rose slightly?

question

FIND OUT

answer

Which of the following was the planet that formed at the nearest location to the Sun that was at a temperature below the freezing point of water?

question

Helium, gamma rays, and neutrinos

answer

At the center of the Sun, nuclear fusion converts hydrogen into

question

Collide

answer

Suppose to try to bring protons close together. Because of the electromagnetic force, the two protons will

question

They have very few, if any, satellites

answer

What is not a characteristic of the outer planets?

question

ts amplitude would increase

answer

Suppose the mass of the planet were increased. What would happen to the radial velocity curve?

question

Radius and Mass

answer

What two quantities need to be measured in order to determine the density of a planet?

question

FIND OUT

answer

According to our present theory of solar system formation, how did Earth end up with enough water to make oceans?

question

FIND OUT

answer

What is a consequence of the discovery of hot Jupiters for the nebular theory of solar system formation?

question

FIND OUT

answer

According to our theory of solar system formation, which law best explains why the central regions of the solar nebula got hotter as the nebula shrank in size?

question

In its core

answer

Where does nuclear fusion occur in the Sun?

question

The temperature at which various materials will condense from gaseous form to solid from.

answer

What is the primary basis upon which we divide the ingredients of the solar nebula into the four categories (hydro/helium; hydro compounds; rock; metal) ?

question

Several hundred thousand years ago

answer

The light radiated from the Sun's surface reaches Earth in about 8 minutes. However, the energy of this light was released by fusion in the Sun's core about

question

They are regions that significantly cooler than the rest of the photosphere.

answer

Why do sunspots appear dark?

question

The winding of magnetic field lines due to the Sun's rotation

answer

Which of the following processes is involved in the sunspot cycle?

question

Astrometric

answer

Which planetary detection technique is good for finding massive planets orbiting far from their star?

question

Yes

answer

Is the transit method for finding extrasolar planets likely to detect an Earth-like planet in an Earth-like orbit?

question

No

answer

Is the Doppler technique for finding extrasolar planets likely to detect an Earth-like planets in an Earth-like orbit?

question

FIND OUT

answer

According to sunspot observations, the Sun appears to complete one rotation about every

question

Jovian planets would have formed closer to the Sun

answer

How would the solar system be different if the solar nebula had cooled with a temperature half its current value?

question

Transit

answer

Which technique for finding extrasolar planets is employed by the Kepler satellite?

question

The core temperature would be higher than the Sun's

answer

Most stars fuse hydrogen into helium in their cores, similar to the Sun. Suppose, however, that a star is fusing helium into carbon in it core. How would the temperature in the core of this star compare to that of the Sun?

question

FIND OUT

answer

The proton proton chain is

question

FIND OUT

answer

Which layer of the Sun is the hottest?

question

The star

answer

As an extrasolar planet orbits around a star, the gravitational attraction between the two objects causes the star to make a small orbit around the system's center of mass. Which object travels in the smaller orbit?

question

They both take the same amount of time

answer

As an extrasolar planet orbits around a star, the gravitational attraction between the two objects causes the star to make a small orbit around the system's center of mass. Which object takes a greater amount of time to complete one orbit?

question

Transit

answer

Which is the only planet detection method allows for determining the radius of the planet?

question

11 years

answer

What is the average length of time between solar maxima?

question

FIND OUT

answer

What is the habitable zone of a star?

question

FIND OUT

answer

Why are solar neutrinos so important?

question

It is a Jupiter like planet that orbits very close to its star

answer

What is a hot Jupiter?

question

FIND OUT

answer

What happens to energy in the Sun's convection zone?

question

FIND OUT

answer

A positron

question

The radiation zone

answer

What is the name of the layer of the Sun that is just above the core?

question

Chromosphere

answer

What part of the Sun is primarily responsible for the solar UV radiation we receive on Earth?

question

Comets

answer

Leftover ice rich planetesimals from the formation of the solar system are called

question

4.5 billion years

answer

About how old is the solar system?

question

Hydrogen and helium

answer

The composition of the solar nebula was 98%

question

the Earth-Sun distance

answer

Before we can use parallax to measure the distance to a nearby star, we first need to know __________.

question

Hold up your hand in front of your face, and alternately close your left and right eyes.

answer

Which of the following is a valid way of demonstrating parallax for yourself?

question

Earth's orbit around the Sun.

answer

Stellar parallax is caused by

question

smaller its parallax angle

answer

The more distant a star, the __________.

question

0.16 arcsecond

answer

Approximately what is the parallax angle of a star that is 20 light-years away?

question

3.3 light-years

answer

Suppose that a star had a parallax angle of exactly 1 arcsecond. Approximately how far away would it be, in light-years?

question

A Blue white dwarf Sun An orange main sequence Star A red super giant star

answer

Surface Area- Highest Temperature to Lowest temperature

question

less luminous, cooler, smaller, and less massive

answer

Compared to a main-sequence star with a short lifetime, a main-sequence star with a long lifetime is __________.

question

cooler and larger in radius

answer

Compared to a high-luminosity main-sequence star, stars in the upper right of the H-R diagram are __________.

question

hotter and smaller in radius

answer

Compared to a low-luminosity main-sequence star, stars in the lower left of the H-R diagram are __________.

question

get smaller.

answer

If the star Alpha Centauri were moved to a distance 10 times farther than it is now, its parallax angle would

question

apparent brightness and distance

answer

What do we need to measure in order to determine a star's luminosity?

question

the time between eclipses and the average distance between the stars

answer

What two pieces of information would you need in order to measure the masses of stars in an eclipsing binary system?

question

luminosity

answer

The total amount of power (in watts, for example) that a star radiates into space is called its _________.

question

Its apparent brightness will decrease by a factor of 9.

answer

According to the inverse square law of light, how will the apparent brightness of an object change if its distance to us triples?

question

M

answer

Which of these stars has the longest lifetime? A, G, or M

question

orbital period and average orbital distance

answer

To calculate the masses of stars in a binary system, we must measure their _________.

question

a cold, dense gas cloud

answer

What kind of gas cloud is most likely to give birth to stars?

question

an anti-electron

answer

In the proton-proton cycle, the positron is

question

4 protons = 1 helium 4 + 2 neutrinos + gamma rays

answer

Which is the net result of the proton-proton chain?

question

top left

answer

On the H-R diagram, the bright blue stars that dominate the naked-eye sky lie

question

about the middle of the main sequence

answer

On the H-R diagram, the Sun lies

question

lower left

answer

On the H-R diagram, white dwarfs (like Sirius B and Procyon B) lie

question

top right

answer

On the H-R diagram, red supergiants (like Betelguese) lie

question

OBAFGKM (Oh Be A Fine Girl Kiss Me)

answer

From hottest to coolest, the order of the spectral types of stars is _________.

question

A cluster whose brightest main-sequence stars are white

answer

Which of these star clusters is youngest?

question

a cluster whose brightest main-sequence stars are yellow

answer

Which of these star clusters is oldest?

question

- Chain of fusion reactions in which four protons combine to form a nucleus of helium - Most important energy-producing nuclear process taking place inside low mass stars like sun

answer

What is the proton-proton chain?

question

M (longest) G A O (shortest) Smaller stars take longer to go through all stages of life than do more massive stars, so they also take longer to reach the main sequence.

answer

Rank based on the time each takes, from longest to shortest, to go from a protostar to a main-sequence star during the formation process.

question

O (highest pressure) A G M (lowest pressure)

answer

Rank the stars based on the strength of the radiation pressure that pushes outward as they are forming, from highest pressure to lowest pressure.

question

Contracting cloud of gas and dust (first) Protostar Main sequence G star Red Giant Planetary nebula White dwarf (last)

answer

Rank the stages based on when they occur, from first to last.

question

Contracting cloud of gas and dust (first) Protostar Main sequence G star Red Super Giant Supernova Neutron star (last)

answer

Rank the stages for a high mass star, from first to last.

question

Helium Carbon Oxygen Iron

answer

Rank the elements based on when they are produced during fusion in the core of a high mass main sequence star, from first to last.

question

-Have higher fusion rate during main sequence life -Late in life fuse carbon into heavier elements -End life as a supernova

answer

Characteristics of High Mass Star

question

-Have longer lifetimes -Final corpse is a white dwarf -End life as a planetary nebula -Example= sun

answer

Characteristics of Low Mass Star

question

Supernova

answer

The Crab Nebula is the result of a _____ that was witnessed on Earth in 1054.

question

High mass star

answer

Betelgeuse is a supergiant star that will eventually supernova, which means that by mass it is classified as a _______

question

Supernova remnant

answer

The debris from the death of a high-mass star forms a ________ several light years across.

question

Neutron star

answer

A __________ has a density higher than the density of a white dwarf.

question

Supernova 1987A

answer

____________ actually occurred about 150,000 years ago in the Large Magellanic Cloud.

question

CNO Cycle

answer

The _______ is the process by which hydrogen fusion proceeds in high-mass stars.

question

Helium capture reaction

answer

Carbon can be converted into oxygen in the cores of high-mass stars if carbon nuclei undergo a ______

question

Cold and dense

answer

Stars can form most easily in clouds that are

question

an object not quite massive enough to be a star

answer

A brown dwarf is

question

Its luminosity goes down.

answer

What happens to a low-mass star after helium flash?

question

a white dwarf

answer

What would you be most likely to find if you returned to the solar system in 10 billion years?

question

a red giant

answer

Which of these stars does not have fusion occurring in its core?

question

Nuclear fusion would not occur in stars of any mass.

answer

What would stars be like if hydrogen had the smallest mass per nuclear particle?

question

It shrinks and heats up.

answer

What happens to the core of a high-mass star after it runs out of hydrogen?

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