ASCP MLS study guide: Chemistry
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Rise of CEA is associated with which cancer?
answer
Colon
question
Rise of CA-19 is associated with which cancer?
answer
GI, Pancreatic
question
Rise of AFP is associated with which cancer?
answer
Hepatic, Pancreatic, Testicular
question
Rise of CA-125 is associated with which cancer?
answer
Ovarian
question
Rise of hCG is associated with which cancer?
answer
Testicular, Ovarian (although usually indicates pregnancy)
question
Rise of PSA is associated with which cancer?
answer
Prostate
question
Which enzyme(s) help diagnose a biliary tract obstruction?
answer
ALP, GGT
question
Which enzyme(s) help diagnose a bone disorder?
answer
ALP
question
Which enzyme(s) help diagnose a hepatic disorder (viral hep)?
answer
ALT, AST, LD
question
Which enzyme(s) help diagnose a skeletal muscle disorder?
answer
AST, LD, CK
question
Which enzyme(s) help diagnose a cardiac muscle disorder?
answer
AST, LD, CK, cT
question
Hypoglycemic blood glucose levels
answer
0-50
question
Normal fasting blood glucose level
answer
75
question
Impaired fasting blood glucose levels
answer
100-125
question
Hyperglycemic blood glucose levels
answer
> or = 126
question
To confirm diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, one of the following must also be true:
answer
1. A repeat test with a blood glucose > or = 126 or 2. Physical symptoms + a casual (random) glucose > or = 126 or 3. Plasma glucose > or = 200 at 2 hr mark of Oral Glucose Tolerance test
question
Cardiac marker LEAST specific for an MI
answer
CK-MB
question
Cardiac marker SLOWEST to rise after an MI
answer
LD1>LD2
question
Cardiac marker FASTEST to rise after an MI
answer
Myoglobin note: negative results for this marker can rule out an MI
question
Cardiac marker MOST specific for an MI
answer
Troponins note: lasts longest in blood
question
Apoprotein B-48 (Chylomicrons)
answer
90% triglyceride Exogenous intestinal dietary triglyceride Transported out to circulation and various tissues Ultimately degraded in liver
question
Apoprotein B-100 (VLDL)
answer
70% triglyceride Synthesized in liver from edogenous triglycerides Goes out to blood and deposits triglycerides into various body tissues eventually turning into LDL
question
Apoprotein B-100 (LDL)
answer
50% cholesterol Brings cholesterol into peripheral cells for membrane and hormone synthesis. Also delivers cholesterol into arterial walls
question
Apoprotein A-1 (HDL)
answer
50% protein Synthesized in liver Removes excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues
question
Diagnostic criteria for Metabolic Syndrome: Waist size?
answer
>40 inches
question
Diagnostic criteria for Metabolic Syndrome: Triglycerides?
answer
>150 or ongoing drug treatment
question
Diagnostic criteria for Metabolic Syndrome: HDL cholesterol?
answer
<40
question
Diagnostic criteria for Metabolic Syndrome: Blood pressure?
answer
130/85 or ongoing drug treatment
question
Diagnostic criteria for Metabolic Syndrome: Fasting glucose?
answer
>100 or ongoing drug treatment
question
Normal venous blood gases ranges: pH?
answer
7.32-7.42
question
Normal venous blood gases ranges: PaO2?
answer
28-48
question
Normal venous blood gases ranges: HCO3?
answer
19-25
question
Normal venous blood gases ranges: PaCO2?
answer
38-52
question
Normal venous blood gases ranges: B.E.?
answer
-2-+2
question
Acid-Base disorders: Metabolic acidosis= 1. Low or high HCO3? 2. Hypo or Hyper ventilation to correct?
answer
1. Low HCO3 2. Hyperventilation to correct
question
Acid-Base disorders: Metabolic alkalosis= 1. Low or high HCO3? 2. Hypo or Hyper ventilation to correct?
answer
1. High HCO3 2. Hypoventilation to correct
question
Acid-Base disorders: Respiratory acidosis= 1. Low or high PCO2? 2. Kidneys retain or excrete HCO2-/Excrete or retain H+ to correct?
answer
1. High PCO2 2. Kidneys retain HCO2-, excrete H+ to correct
question
Acid-Base disorders: Respiratory alkalosis= 1. Low or high PCO2? 2. Kidneys retain or excrete HCO2-/Excrete or retain H+ to correct?
answer
1. Low PCO2 2. Kidneys excrete HCO2-, retain H+ to correct
question
Pre-hepatic, hepatic(hepatocellular), or post-hepatic (obstructive) jaundice? -Normal/increased total bilirubin -Normal conjugated bilirubin -Normal/increased unconjugated bilirubin -Normal/increased urobilinogen -Normal urine color -Normal stool color -Normal ALP -Normal ALT -Normal AST -No conjugated bilirubin in urine -Splenomegaly present
answer
Pre-hepatic jaundice
question
Pre-hepatic, hepatic (hepatocellular), or post-hepatic (obstructive) jaundice? -Increased total bilirubin -Increased conjugated bilirubin -Increased unconjugated bilirubin -Decreased urobilinogen -Dark urine color -Normal/pale stool color -Increased ALP -Increased ALT -Increased AST -Conjugated bilirubin in urine -Splenomegaly present
answer
Hepatic Jaundice
question
Pre-hepatic, hepatic (hepatocellular), or post-hepatic (obstructive) jaundice? -Increased total bilirubin -Increased conjugated bilirubin -Normal unconjugated bilirubin -Decreased/negative urobilinogen -Dark urine color -Pale stool color -Increased ALP -Increased ALT -Increased AST -Conjugated bilirubin in urine -Splenomegaly absent
answer
Post-hepatic (obstructive) jaundice
question
Pre-hepatic, hepatic (hepatocellular), or post-hepatic (obstructive) jaundice? Caused by: -An increased rate of hemolysis -Malarial infections -Thalassemia -Sickle cell anemia -Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) -Gilbert's syndrome -Type I & II Crigler-Najjar syndrome
answer
Pre-hepatic jaundice
question
Pre-hepatic, hepatic (hepatocellular), or post-hepatic (obstructive) jaundice? Caused by: -Acute or chronic hepatitis -Hepatotoxicity -Cirrhosis -Drug-induced hepatitis -Alcoholic liver disease -Leptospirosis
answer
Hepatic (hepatocellular) jaundice
question
Pre-hepatic, hepatic (hepatocellular), or post-hepatic (obstructive) jaundice? Caused by: -Gallstones in the common bile duct -Pancreatic cancer in the head of the pancreas -Liver flukes residing in common bile duct - Biliary atresia -Cholangiocarcinoma -Pancreatitis -Cholestasis of pregnancy -Pancreatic pseudocysts -Dubin-Johnson syndrome -Mirizzi's syndrome (rare)
answer
Post-hepatic (obstructive) jaundice
