question

When and where did the Gothic style originate?

answer

France in the mid-12th century

question

List 3 of the figures of the new choir at Saint Denis as described by Abbot Suger that are characteristic of the new Gothic style

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1. rib vaults are higher, "transported him from the inferior to that higher world" 2.new, colored light -"lux nova" 3.stained glass windows- "wonderful and uninterrupted light" from "most sacred windows"

question

List the three structural and/or design features that characterize a Gothic vault

answer

Pointed arches Windows beneath the arches Arches being the same height as the vault's crown

question

What are the advantages of the pointed arch over the round arch?

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They appear higher They are flexible in the shape they cover Architects can add windows beneath them.

question

The following are represented on the tympana:

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Right: Christ appears in the lap of Virgin Mary Middle: Second Coming/ Last Judgement Left: Christ's Ascension into Heaven

question

The figures carved on the jabs are thought to represent:

answer

Old Testament kings and queens - royal ancestors of Christ

question

In what ways do these jamb figures differ significantly from Romanesque figures?

answer

New naturalization in European sculpture: personality and individuality Attached to columns/ protruded from the wall Gentler features (kindly human expressions replaced mask-like, Romanesque features)

question

What was the function of the flying buttresses?

answer

To transfer the weight of the high vaults to the outside wall (or tall piers along the outside wall)

question

Why was it an essential element of the Gothic architectural vocabulary?

answer

It opened up the interior so that the large pier didn't have to go down the center of the nave.

question

What was the theological significance of stained-glass windows?

answer

They are the Holy Scriptures; they bring in the light of God to the faithful (enlightening those inside) and also told stories to the illiterate.

question

What is the difference between a rose window and a lancet?

answer

Rose windows are round, lancets are tall and pointed like a gothic arch.

question

The skeletal structure and the high vaults of the Amiens Cathedral were possible because of the masterful use of the High Gothic structural elements. List the four basic elements.

answer

Rectangular bay 4-part rib vault Buttress system Thick weight-bearing walls

question

What are the similarities in the facades of Chartres (FIG. 7-4) and Reims (FIG. 7-11)?

answer

They have towers (two different towers)

question

What are the differences?

answer

Reims - has many holes with little left for decoration Stained glass over doors (3D-sculpture) Statuary is more classical (drapery, contrapposto)

question

The Rayonnant (Radiant) style that developed in the 2nd half of the 13th century was associated with the court of

answer

Saint Louis IX

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What was the purpose of the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris?

answer

Chapel attached to the palace of Louis IX, contains relics (crown of thorns, purchased in 1239

question

How did its structure reflect that purpose?

answer

Mostly stained glass, slender architectural forms

question

Describe the pose of the Virgin in Paris (FIG. 7-14) that was the typical of much later Gothic sculpture.

answer

Contrapposto, S-curve

question

In what do the manuscript illuminations illustrated on FIG. 7-16 reflect the influence of arts of architecture or stained glass?

answer

Roundels - used to imitate round windows, architectural frames, similar colors

question

What features of the graceful image of the Virgin seen in FIG. 7-17 link her to the French court?

answer

She is dressed as a queen - has a crown and scepter - and holds a fleur de lis

question

List 5 features of Salisbury Cathedral that distinguish it from French Gothic:

answer

Flying buttresses used sparingly Squat façade - wider than nave behind it No 3-part division in the interior (nave and 2 aisles) Great crossing tower Shorter horizontal look inside because the colonettes do not connect to vaults

question

The last English Gothic style, seen at Westminster Abbey (FIG. 7-20), is called ___________. It's characterized by:

answer

PERPENDICULAR STYLE. It is characterized by the following features: Verticality of decorative details Vaults formed with hanging pendants

question

The German cathedral of ________ was finished in the 19th century when the original 13th century plan was discovered. In what was its Gothic construction significant for its survival of the severe bombings of WWII?

answer

Cologne Heaviness of construction

question

Briefly describe the style used in the depiction of the Death of the Virgin on Strasbourg Cathedral (FIG. 7-22).

answer

Dramatic poses and emotional gestures Drapery is rhythmic and close to body, emphasizing passionate drama

question

Who were Ekkehard and Uta, and what is significant about their appearance in a cathedral?

answer

They were benefactors of the church: the governor and his wife. Their appearance in the cathedral is realistic, personalized, painted (indication of what others might have been like), might have used a model/portrait. It was the beginning of life-sized secular personages in church.

question

What is a Pietà?

answer

Any painting/sculpture in which Mary holds a dead Christ. It is Italian for pity/compassion.

question

What mood is created by the 14th century example shown in FIG. 7-24?

answer

Agony, death, sorrow - humanity has suffered

question

Name the Italian city-states that were very successful commercially during the late Gothic period:

answer

Pisa Sienna Milan Florence Padua

question

What was the Black Death, and what effect did it have on art?

answer

It was an epidemic that made people think god was angry, causing them to eliminate happy art

question

What was Humanism, and how did it affect art?

answer

It is the belief that life on earth is worth living - inspired realism and made artists reflect on the past, brought art to the people, and eventually led to making art for art's sake.

question

What style dominated Medieval Italian painting?

answer

Byzantine Art (Italo-Byzantine Maniera Greca)

question

List three of its stylistic characteristics:

answer

Careful structure and symmetry Gold background and details Pose - stiff and closed

question

Identify two trends shown in the works of Nicola and Giovanni Pisano that later become significant in the development of Renaissance art.

answer

Incorporation of classical elements (Gothic variation of Corinthian capital, rounded arches; large rectangular relief panels (like Roman sarcophagus)) Realistic people

question

Although Cimabue was deeply influenced by the Italo-Byzantine style, he moved beyond it in the following ways:

answer

Deeper space seen around the figures Drapery folds enhance the 3D effect

question

What seems to have been the artistic traditions that influenced Giotto and contributed to the shaping of his style?

answer

Naturalistic approach Ancient Roman painting/sculpture Byzantine art Cimabue Observation

question

Two characteristics of Giotto's style as seen by comparing his Madonna Enthroned (FIG. 7-27) with Cimabue's version of the same subject (FIG. 7-26)?

answer

More 3D, bulky, sculptural solidity Shadows cast

question

Giotto created a great fresco cycle in the _______ in _______/ It was constructed in the year ____. The subjects in the framed scenes deal with:

answer

Arena Chapel Padua 1305 Complete cycle of the life of Christ culminating in the last judgement - a total of 38 panels

question

List four characteristics of Giotto's style as seen in the Lamentation scene (FIG. 7-29).

answer

Sculpturesque figures Simply and weighty, shallow stage Emotional/passionate/realistic figures seen from the back reinforcing the depth and stage Management of light and shade (beginnings of chiaroscuro)

question

What is the difference between "true fresco" and "fresco secco"?

answer

True frescoe is on wet lime plaster; the paint is absorbed and lasts longer. Fresco secco is painted on dry plaster.

question

The subject of Duccio's Maestà alterpiece (FIG. 7-30) was?

answer

The Virgin enthroned as the queen of Heaven

question

List three characteristics he derived from Byzantine tradition:

answer

Formality and symmetry Figures and facial types Gold

question

List three ways in which he modified it:

answer

relaxed front and rigidity individualized faces softened bodies and drapery

question

How did Simone Martini help to form the so-called International Style?

answer

Trained by an Italian, he later worked in the North for the French papal court and combined the luxuriant pattern of French gothic styles with the Sienese style

question

List four characteristics of that style:

answer

Brilliant colors (radiant) Lavish costumes (flowing lines) Elegant shapes Weightless figures in settings without space

question

Panoramic views of the city of Siena and its surrounding countryside were painted by __________ in the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena as part of a fresco known as ______________.

answer

Ambrogio Lorenzetti The Allegory of Good and Bad Government

question

What revolutionary aspects are found in this fresco (FIG. 7-32)?

answer

Not a religious scene, one of the first appearances of landscape since antiquity beginnings of perspective, experimentation in pictorial realism

question

How were artists trained in Italy during the 14th and 15th centuries?

answer

Apprenticeships with older artists

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