Art History 6C @ UCSB – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Modernism
answer
"all that is ephemeral and fleeting and everything that isn't traditional"; describes an effect and focuses on an object; uproot from rural to industrialized cities
question
Enlightenment
answer
brought light and no longer governed by superstitions; emphasis on individual rather than the state 1. belief that destiny can be shaped and changed 2. individual takes on new meaning with agency to pursue happiness 3. institutions can be reformed and perfected and the purpose of the state is to help the individual
question
French Revolution
answer
1789: inspired by enlightenment ideas; State=King, first estate=clergy/church, second estate=noblemen, third estate=everyone else; third estate rebels and try to create a constitution that is democratic and gives more equal rights Death of King Lois XV; result of a vote; executed on January 20, 1793
question
Philosophes
answer
those men engaging with reason, individualism, and liberty
question
King Lois XIV
answer
1. extremely powerful and had the palace of Versailles constructed to keep eye on his court and administrators 2. Versailles = power and control
question
Hierarchy of Genres
answer
1. History paintings 2. Portraits 3. Genre Paintings 4. Landscapes 5. Animal Paintings 6. Still Life
question
History Paintings
answer
most important kind of painting; includes religious, mythological, historical, literary, or allegorical subjects (conveys a moral lesson about appropriate behavior, virtue)
question
Portraits
answer
painting of someone that is meant to be of a specific person
question
Genre Scenes
answer
scenes of everyday life, neither ideal nor in style nor elevated in subject; admired for skill, ingenuity, and even humor
question
Still Life
answer
inanimate objects being painted
question
Rococo
answer
arose from the rule of Louis XV who was more interested in social life and gambling than state of affairs; represents modern pleasures; intimacy, secrecy, fun between subject matters; fluffy brushwork, concerned with more playful themes
question
Neo-Classicism
answer
austere, moral values, didactic, crisp lines, hard edges and clarity, sculpted forms, and shallow depths; usually history painting; used to teach citizens how to behave; often about how loyalty and sacrifice to the state is overall more important than emotion
question
Didactic
answer
intending to teach; particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive
question
Royal Academy
answer
established by Lois XIV in 1664; training for artists in casting, musculature, sin, and then clothes; made to control the artists
question
Salon
answer
represent the artists' work; established by Kin Lois XIV to control what was painted and to keep the state upheld; 1664-1881; official, sponsored; after 1881 Bougeureau and others take over and clal it the National Salon; held in spring
question
Storming of the Bastille
answer
July 14th, 1789: peasants take over the prison and kill many of the prisoners and guards; the flashpoint of the french revolution
question
Guillotine
answer
a weapon to kill those accused of being against the revolution; seen as democratic because it was used on everyone regardless of their status
question
The Reign of Terror
answer
1793-1794; period during the revolution that was led mainly by Robespierre who was killing people in large numbers
question
September Days
answer
1794, estimated that 18,000-40,000 were killed in weeks
question
Jacobins
answer
the ones who did the reign of terror/september days; led by Robespierre
question
Romanticism
answer
NOT a style; a movement that sets itself in opposition to tradition; values emotion and individual aspects of life; focuses on how the artist feels about the subject; often has more messy/fluid brushwork and no real distinction of background with the scene (but not always)
question
Timeline
answer
1. Lois XIV = Sun King 2. Lois XV = Beheaded King 3. French Revolution = 1789 4. Empire = Napoleon as officer, then member of Consul, crowns himself emperor, beaten at Waterloo in 1815 and is sent into exile 5. The Restoration (1815-1830) = Lois XVI's Brother "restored" to power
question
Napoleon
answer
First Consul and the Emperor (1800-1815)
question
The Restoration
answer
1815-1830, "restoration of the monarchy"; Lois XVIII and then Charles X; autocratic ruler
question
July Monarchy
answer
second french revolution from 1830-1848; began with overthrow of Charles X; then Louis Phillip ("citizen king") comes to power; then the revolution of 1848 (Workers and Peasant Revolutions)
question
Louis Phillip
answer
constitutional monarchy under the charter; triumph of Bourgeoisie (workers are forgotten); King Louis Phillip, January 1831: attempted to stay in middle ground in equal distance from excess of popular power and abuse of royal power
question
The Revolution of 1848 (Workers and Peasant Revolutions)
answer
Urban workers-socialist regime; June days and National Workshops; overthrow government; establish 10 hour work days, nationalized railways, National workshops for those who were unemployed, June days, uprisings stop in 1849
question
Realism
answer
rejects notion of "higher reality" in art; focus on things of one's own time, things one cn see and experience; usually depicts peasant life; paint application and composition call attention to themselves
question
June Days
answer
guns, soldiers enter pairs - Emperor Napoleon III takes over - second empire established
question
1846-1848
answer
1. Potato blight/famine 2. 1 million die in Ireland 3. 1 million migrate population decreases by 25% 4. Recession - mass unemployment 5. Literacy in Germany and Austria rose 6. Newspapers produced everywhere as a result and communication increases 7. Universal workshops, 10 hour workdays 8. Unstable uncertainty about who is going to rule
question
Constituents
answer
working class Bourgeoisie, petit bourgeoisie, and peasants
question
Romantic vs. Realist
answer
Romantic used smoother lines and their lines show movement or flow to create action; Realists used rougher lines to show the relationship between the subjects hard life and the brushwork and showing paint as it was without trying to perfect it
question
Academic Painting
answer
mid late 19th century; set apart from real life (like the Hollywood of painting); had hints of Neoclassical and Romantic styles; unlike Neoclassical there was no moral lesson to be learned, just a nice painting with many details in accordance with the conventions of the academy; took styles and normalized them along with their subjects; became a machine as it lost its relationship with the world
question
Impressionism
answer
about a Bourgeoisie world where Bourgeoisie rituals govern and stand as markers of a persons social standing; wants to paint the modern world; wants to show how the painting was created (paint is not going to make a perfect figure when we do not live in a world of perfect figures); representation, fleeting spectacle of everyday life; plein air painting (outoors, on site); empahsis on surface as well as subject matter; rapid brushstrokes; motif is a slice of life rather than a posed scene; primarily leisure activities; interest in color and light
question
Salon of Refuges of 1863
answer
put on by Napoleon III after numerous were rejected from the Salon; paintings such as Manet's were displayed; sponsered to appease those rejected by the official salon
question
Chiaroscuro
answer
modeling of form through light and dark to produce a 3D effect
question
Second Empire
answer
1852-1870: "Haussmannization"
question
Timeline of Styles
answer
BAROQUE AND ROCOCO NEOCLAISSICISM 1) French Revolution 2) Empire ROMANTICISM 3) Restoration 4) July Monarchy REALISM 5) Workers and Peasant Revolutions 1848-50 6) Second Empire IMPRESSIONISM 7) Franco-Prussian War 1870-71 8) Third Republic IMPRESSIONISM, POST-IMPRESSIONISM 9) The 20th Century
question
Impressionist Exhibitions
answer
1874-86: anonymous society of artists, subscription to the society was required
question
Haussmannization
answer
period during which Paris was transformed into the Modern city that it is today; Haussman was appointed by Napoleon III to modernize the city; created wide boulevards; people were moved and displaced; high rent for shop owners and some areas began to turn lively and trendy; filling leisure time and shopping the construction of the department stores brought entertainment and people started going to spend their time in other places
question
Franco-Prussian War
answer
1870-71: prussia wins and france loses; republicans go to Versailles to make peace with Prussians and the elected french government (the republic) surrenders to Prussia so the Prussians agree to withdraw;
question
The Commune
answer
March to May 1871: radical group; had separation of church and state, voting rights for women, the abolition of night work in Paris bakeries, pensions for survivors of National Gardman, and they postponed commercial debt obligations; during this period there was communism in the air; crushed and the Republicans ally with Prussians
question
Salon des Independants (1884)
answer
founded by critics, artists, and dealers interested in "progressive" art; no jury and to exhibit your art you would pay 10 Francs; held in spring
question
Salon d'Atomne
answer
1903: no jury; held in fall; established as progressive and features many foreign artists and major retrospectives "forward thinking"
question
Post-Impressionism
answer
took certain parts of Impressionism and emphasized expression through use of color, line, patterning; the emotional impact of what they see
