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*Drawing

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-is one of the oldest and most basic art medias -It is the most accessible (you can draw with a stick in the earth) and most practiced by children. -can be investigative (sketch) or more finished

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What kind of surfaces can drawings be made on?

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from papyrus, to parchment, to silk, to paper

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*Where have drawings been preserved?

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for millennia on cave walls and pottery

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*In what ways can drawing be investigative?

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sketching ideas for more developed works in different media, or for highly detailed finished works

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*What are the 2 basic types of drawing media?

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Dry Media & Liquid Media

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*What is Dry Media?

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Pigment is bound into a stick form, which is dragged across a surface, depositing particles of itself

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*What is Liquid Media?

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Pigment is suspended in a binder, and generally applied with a tool such as a pen or brush

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*What are Dry & Liquid Media both made from?

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a combination of pigments, and binders that hold them together and help them adhere to surfaces

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*What are some examples of Dry Media?

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-Graphite -Metalpoint -Charcoal -Crayon, Pastel and Chalk

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*What is Graphite (Dry Media)

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A soft, crystalline form of carbon, first discovered in the 16th century

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Where does Graphite come from?

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Its a naturally occurring, but rare material; most graphite is not mined, but extracted from various ores and then purified

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*What did Graphite help produce in the late 18th century?

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powdered graphite was first bound with clay to produce the pencil

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*How can you tell how much clay is in a pencil made of Graphite?

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Softer, darker pencils-less clay; Harder, lighter pencils-more clay

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*What is metal point drawing?

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-Ancestor of the pencil, especially popular during the Renaissance. -Not used today, because it is very unforgiving

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What is a metal point pen made out of?

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-A thin wire (of soft metal, such as silver) is placed in a holder, then drawn across a surface prepared with a ground consisting of paint made from bone ash, glue, and white pigment in water. -The wire leaves behind a thin trail of metal particles that tarnish to a pale gray

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*How are metal point drawings characterized?

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by fine, delicate lines of uniform width.

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*What is Charcoal made from?

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Made from charred wood; manufactured since ancient times.

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*What are the different types of Charcoal?

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Vine, Compressed Sticks, Pencils

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*How are Crayons and Pastels made?

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With powdered pigments mixed with a binder. For crayons, the binder is a grease or wax-these can be layered but not blended. Pastels are made from pigments and a blend of oil and wax that makes them creamy able to blend.

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What is a Conte' Crayon?

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An artist's crayon made with compressed pigment, clay, and a greasy binder

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What are the 3 types of Chalk?

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Black Chalk: Carbon and clay composite Red Chalk: Iron Oxide and clay composite White Chalk: Calcium Carbonate (Whiting)

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*What does Ink consist of?

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-ultra-fine particles of pigment suspend in water - comes in variety of colors now days but originally just black and brown.

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*Liquid Media consist of...

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-Pen and Ink -Brush and Ink

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What kind of binder is used in Ink?

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a binder such as gum arabic is added to hold the particles in suspension and help them adhere to the surface

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*How does Ink get on the paper?

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Anything can be used to put ink on paper, but for a controlled, sustained and flexible line, a pen must be use.

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*Nib defined

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-is the end of the pen that conveys the ink to the paper -made from metal, plants, or quills

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*How is Brush and Ink different from painting?

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-Black and white -Created on paper -Linear in character

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*When was paper first used as individual sheets?

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in the 19th Century, when it began being mass produced by machine. During the 20th century paper peaked with newspapers, magazines, advertising cards, posters, and etc.

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*Who and When was printed paper first glued to paper and canvas?

answer

Georges Braque, then Picasso followed him and began making collages.

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*How is paint made?

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-Made of pigment (powdered color), mixed with a medium (a liquid that holds the particles of the pigment together without dissolving them) -also includes a binder

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*Two types of diluted paint:

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-Aqueous media -Non-aqueous media

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*Non-aqueous media is paint that...

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cannot be diluted with water, requiring a solvent such as turpentine or mineral spirits

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*Aqueous media is paint that...

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can be diluted with water. Include watercolors, tempera, and acrylics

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*What all can paint be applied to?

answer

a support, which can be paper, canvas, wood, wall, or whatever. The support may first be primed.

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*What is Encaustic technique?

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-Paint consisting of pigment mixed with wax and resin -When heated, the wax melts and the paint can be brushed easily; when it cools, the paint hardens

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*Where was Encaustic used and found very important?

answer

Ancient Greece, but earliest surviving examples come from early C.E. Egyptian funeral portraits, made a return in the 19th century and used the create texture.

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*What makes the Encaustic very important?

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Colors do not fade or harm paper over time

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*What is Fresco technique?

answer

- Pigments are mixed with water and applied to a plaster support, usually a wall or ceiling coated in plaster. -As the plaster dries, it undergoes a chemical process, fusing the pigment to it.

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*2 types of Fresco?

answer

Fresco secco- paint applied to dry plaster Buon fresco- ("true fresco") paint applied to wet plaster

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*When was Fresco used and when was it most important?

answer

-A wall painting technique since ancient times, A fresco must be carefully planned. - Sometimes a cartoon (a perforated drawing is used. -This is placed over the surface to be painted, in order to create a dotted line guide to paint over. -Frescoes have survived from all over the world, but those of the Italian Renaissance are among the most famous

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*What is the Tempera technique?

answer

-an aqueous medium that dries to a tough, insoluble film - Tempera paint maintains its brilliance for centuries

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*Tempera technique was popular during which time?

answer

tempera was largely forgotten until a 19th c. revival and still commercially made, but many artists still prefer to make their own

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*How is Tempera made?

answer

-Needs an emulsion- water + oil, fat, wax, or resin. -Egg yolk is the most commonly used traditional emulsion- egg tempera. -Dries quickly and must be made in small batches -Traditionally painted as a build up of small hatch strokes, on a wooden board primed with gesso (white pigment + glue)

question

*How are watercolor paintings made?

answer

Pigment mixed with water and gum arabic (stick, plant-derived substance)

question

Watercolors are painted most commonly on?

answer

Paper

question

What technique is used to paint with watercolors?

answer

-Transparent layers used to build up color-white of paper used as white -Traditionally had less prestige than oil paint; highly portable and considered the media for the amateur artist

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What is Gouache painting?

answer

Watercolor with inert white pigment that is colorless, but makes the paint opaque

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How can Gouache painting be applied?

answer

in translucent layers or more opaquely

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What is similar to Gouache painting?

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A similar substance, ink sticks (made from soot mixed with animal glue) were used in traditional Chinese painting. Ink and gouache-like paints were used in traditional Chinese, Indian, and Islamic arts

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Acrylics are made of?

answer

consist of acrylic resin, polymerized (its molecules linked into long chains) through emulsion in water. As the paint dries, the particles form a tough, flexible, and waterproof film (like glue)

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What effects does Acrylics mimic?

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Can mimic the effects of oil, watercolor, gouache, and tempera

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Who and when brought back the Encaustic style?

answer

largley forgotten until the 19th century, used by the 29th century artists, such as Jasper Johns to created textured surfaces.

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Whats different about oil paints compared to other paints?

answer

Oil paint cannot be diluted with water, it requires a solvent such as turpentine or mineral spirits

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How is a Mosaic made? (Media)

answer

made up of small, closely spaced particles called tesserae, (made of pebbles, marbles, or pieces of glass) embedded in mortar or cement. These function similar to dots in a pointillist painting-they optically color blend.

question

Where are Mosaic's usually found? (Media)

answer

Well suited to decorating walls and ceilings, but durable enough for floors

question

Where did the Mosaic form of painting first develop? (Media)

answer

Inherited from Ancient Greece by Classical Rome, then used to decorate villas, churches and mausoleums in Christian Rome. Largely abandoned in favor of fresco during the Renaissance, but revived in the 19th Century.

question

What is the Tapestry technique? (Media)

answer

Refers both to a weaving technique, and to the wall hanging made using this technique

question

What are Tapestries used for? (Media)

answer

Used in many cultures to create rugs and garments; in European culture, developed in the Middle Ages and commonly woven to illustrate a theme or episodes from a famous story. In the Renaissance, prominent painters were commissioned to design tapestries

question

What is the importance of Tapestry?

answer

Relegated to the category of decorative art with the modern formulation of "Art" (which held painting, then sculpture as the highest art forms), tapestry has now be re-included in the realm of fine art, and contemporary artists have begun using the medium.

question

What is Easel Painting?

answer

Its Easel painting that came into prominence during the Renaissance, and went unchallenged until the 20th Century, by artists such as

question

Famous artist that practiced Easel Painting?

answer

-Jackson Pollack -Helen Frankenthaler -Lynda Bengalis Many artists today work in multi-media, combining painting with sculpture and installation

question

What is the basis of Printmaking?

answer

is to transfer an image from the matrix to the printing surface

question

What does Matrix mean in Printmaking?

answer

any surface on which a design is prepared before being transferred to a receiving surface such as paper. The printed image is called an impression.

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Why is Printmaking is call an art of multiples?

answer

Called an art of multiples, because multiple images can be made from a single matrix

question

How long has Printmaking been around?

answer

-Prints have been made for hundreds of years. -From the beginning, they have served to disseminate visual information and to bring the pleasure of owning art within reach of the general public

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How can you tell if a print is original or commercial?

answer

With the development of industrial printing technologies, two principles have been adopted to distinguish original artists' prints from commercial reproductions

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What 2 things does an artist do after finishing a print?

answer

-The artist inspects each impression -The artist decides how many impressions may be made-this limited amount is called an edition. Once these have been made, the matrix is destroyed

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What are the types of Printmaking?

answer

-Relief -Intaglio -Lithography -Screenprinting

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What is Relief Printing?

answer

describes any printing method in which the image to be printed is raised from a background, then pressed onto ink and then onto paper. Usually, the backgroud is carved away from the matrix.

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What are the types of Relief Printing?

answer

-Woodcut -Wood Engraving -Linocut

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How is Woodcut Relief Printing done?

answer

-Image is drawn on wood block Areas NOT meant to print are cut and gouged out of the wood so the image stands out in relief The block is inked, and only the raised areas take the ink The block is pressed onto paper (or vice versa) and rubbed to transfer the image-the image will be transferred in reverse -It is the most common form of relief printing -developed in China

question

Where did wood engravings first began being used?

answer

Woodblocks had been used to print patterns on textiles since the 6th century -a wood engraving matrix is cut across the grain on a well-sanded end-grain block, which lends well to fine-lined detail. - During this time is when the printing press was launched..

question

What is Linocut Relief Printing?

answer

is softer and easy to cut in any direction. It also wears down quicker from printing.

question

What is intaglio?

answer

The reverse of relief, in that the areas to be printed are below the surface of the printing plate (usually metal). Intaglio comes from the Italian "to cut". The artist uses sharp tools and/or acid to make grooves in the plate. When the plate is inked, the ink sinks into the grooves. Then the surface is wiped clean. When dampened paper is pressed into the plate, the paper goes into the grooves and picks up the ink.

question

What are the 6 basic types of Intaglio?

answer

-Engraving -Drypoint -Mezzotint -Etching -Aquatint -Photogravure

question

What is Intaglio Engraving?

answer

-Oldest of the Intaglio Techniques; comes from the art of incising decorative lines into armour. -Basic tool is a burin, a sharp, v-shaped instrument. -Closely related to pen and ink in technique (line drawing and hatching, cross-hatching, stippling) and result-hard to tell the difference -Until the invention of lithography and photography in the 19th century, engravings were the main way that art was reproduced. Professional engravers made highly accurate copies of drawings, paintings, statues, and architecture.

question

What is Intaglio Etching?

answer

-Done with acids, which "eat" lines into a metal plate. Artist first coats plate with an acid-resistant substance called a ground, (made from beeswax, asphalt, and other substances). Next, the artist draws on the plate with an etching needle, which removes the ground in the areas meant to print. When the plate is submerged in acid, these bare-metal areas are eaten away. Finally, the plate is cleaned, inked, and printed. -Etched lines are more irregular and blurry then engraved lines.

question

What is Intaglio Aquatint?

answer

-A variation on etching, aquatint is a way to achieve middle values. Instead of ground, the plate is dusted with resin, then heated. The artist works in stages, using acid-resistant varnish in tandem with resin (which creates a texture that holds the ink). -Creates areas of tone as well as lines, so often used with other intaglio techniques.

question

What is Lithography?

answer

A planographic process, (i.e., the printing surface-in this case, a stone, is flat), which depends on the principle that oil and water do not mix

question

How is Lithography done?

answer

The artist first draws on the stone with a greasy crayon, then treats the stone with acid to bind the drawing to it. The stone is then damped, absorbing the water where it is not drawn on. When it is inked, the ink sticks to the images, and is repelled by the water-soaked background.

question

What new materials can Lithography be done with now?

answer

-with zinc or aluminum plates (which are much lighter). -Color lithographs are made using one stone for each color

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What is Screenprinting?

answer

The matrix is a screen, made from silk or synthetic fiber, of which certain areas (those meant not to print) are blocked out with a type of glue. Ink is forced through the screen onto paper with a squeegee.

question

What is screen printing good for?

answer

-Color screen prints are made with one screen for each color -A relatively simple and inexpensive process, used to create mass-produced prints on posters and t-shirts as well as fine artworks

question

Rembrandt, Cottage among Trees, 1648-50

answer

-pen and ink piece

question

Romare Bearden. Mysteries. 1964

answer

-using paper as a medium -a collage

question

Mia Pearlman, Inrush, 2009

answer

-using paper as a medium

question

John Sonsini. Fernando, Manuel, David. 2006

answer

-an oil painting

question

Pat Steir Summer Moon 2005

answer

-Photo is acutally green but similar to this -and oil painting

question

Albrecht Durer. St. Jerome in his Study. 1514

answer

-an example of engraving

question

Ed Ruscha. Standard Station. 1966

answer

-letters mimic the Hollywood sign -about culture -is an example of screenprinting

question

EXTRA CREDIT: Ukiyo Technique

answer

-Ukiyo-e was a popular contemporary art form, coinciding with the rise of the Middle Class, and many prints were on sale on the streets of Edo. -means "pictures of the floating world -an image was carved in reverse onto woodblocks, covered in ink, and then pressed onto paper.

Art 108 Chap 6-8 (Test 3) – Flashcards

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