Art 100-Prebles’ Art Forms, 11th Edition- Ch1-14 – Flashcards

A method of art criticism that values stylistic innovation over personal expression or cultural communication

A method of art criticism that focuses on the cultural systems behind works of art. These may be economic, racial, political, or social.

A method of art criticism that attempts to discern personal elements in works of art, as opposed to formal strategies or cultural influences

Sculpture in relief in which the subjects emerge only slightly from the surface. Also called bas-relief. No undercutting is present

Sculpture in relief in which more than half of a significant portion of the subject emerges from the background. High-relief sculpture thus requires undercutting, in contrast to low relief.

Sculpture made by removing material from a larger block or form

Sculptural form produced by adding, combining, or building up material from a core or (in some cases) an armature. Modeling in clay and welding steel are additive processes.

Sculpture in which three-dimensional forms project from the flat background of which they are a part. The degree of projection can vary and is described by the terms high relief and low relief.

Any piece or type of sculpture that is meant to be seen from all sides

The process of arranging visual elements into a finished work. Also means the product of the process, as in, "The design of that chair is excellent."

The appearance of similarity, consistency, or oneness. Interrelational factors that cause various elements to appear as part of a single complete form

The opposite of unity. Diverse elements in the composition of a work of art. Most works strive for a balance between unity and variety

Pathways that the artist embeds in a work for the viewer's eye to follow. May be done with actual or implied lines, or lines of sight among the figures depicted in a work.

A method an artist uses to draw attention to an area. May be done with central placement, large size, bright color, or high contrast

In filmmaking, video production, animation, and related fields, a film frame or video frame is one of the many still images which compose the complete moving picture

Any uninterrupted run of a film camera. Shots are compiled into scenes, then into movies

[AKA: gelatin developing out paper (DOP)] is a monochrome imaging process based on the light sensitivity of silver halides. A suspension of silver salts in gelatin is coated onto a support such as glass, flexible plastic or film, baryta paper, or resin-coated paper

An early photographic process developed by Louis Daguerre in the 1830s, which required a treated metal plate. This plate was exposed to light, and the chemical reactions on the plate created the first satisfactory photographs.

Short for "logotype." Sign, name, or trademark of an institution, a firm, or a publication, consisting of letterforms or pictorial elements.

the graphic form of a letter of the alphabet, either as written or in a particular type font.

Short lines that end the upper and lower strokes of a letter in some fonts. The capital I has two serifs in Adobe Garamond; the small m has one.

The name given to a style of type

may be used as an intentional visual design technique in which an existing image's foreground and background colors are purposely swapped to create new images; A visual effect in which what was seen as a positive shape becomes a negative shape, and vice versa

Interactions between figure and ground are heightened in some images. In the upper half of M. C. Escher's print Sky and Water I, we see dark geese on a white ground. As our eyes move down the page, the light upper background becomes fish against a black background. In the middle, however, fish and geese interlock so perfectly that we are not sure what is figure and what is ground. As our awareness shifts, fish shapes and bird shapes trade places, a phenomenon called figure-ground reversal

the state of being strikingly different from something else, typically something in juxtaposition or close association.

Technique by which an artist ranks certain areas of a work as of lesser importance. Areas are generally subordinated through placement, color, or size

not identical on both sides of a central line; unsymmetrical; lacking symmetry

A design (or composition) with identical or nearly identical form on opposite sides of a dividing line or central axis

any type of balance based on a circle with its design extending. from center

The principal area of emphasis in a work of art. The place to which the artist directs the most attention through composition. May or may not be the same as the vanishing point in a work.

Pathways that the artist embeds in a work for the viewer's eye to follow. May be done with actual or implied lines, or lines of sight among the figures depicted in a work.

The near or exact matching of left and right sides of a three-dimensional form or a two-dimensional composition

The regular or ordered repetition of dominant and subordinate elements or units within a design

A group of hydrous aluminium phyllosilicate minerals. Often also used to refer to the clay body, which sometimes may only contain small amounts of clay minerals

a horizontal revolving disk on which wet clay is shaped into pots or other round ceramic objects

Clay hardened into a relatively permanent material by firing, and the artform that includes this procedure.

Art that is based on natural appearances but departs significantly from them. Forms are modified or changed to varying degrees

Art of people who have had no formal, academic training, but whose works are part of an established tradition of style and craftsmanship. Examples include religious carvers, quilt makers, and shop-sign painters.

Art in which it is the artist's intention to present again or represent a particular subject, especially pertaining to realistic portrayal of subject matter

Art without reference to anything outside itself—without representation. Also called "nonobjective"—without recognizable objects

A trial print, usually made as an artist works on a plate or block, to check the progress of a work

an artwork that has been manually printed by the artist (or with some processes, printed under the artist's direct supervision). It is not a reproduction. The artist will have created an image on block, stone, plate or screen from which the final print is produced.

the action or process of making a copy of something; a copy of a work of art, especially a print or photograph of a painting

A long, narrow mark. Usually made by drawing with a tool or a brush, but may be created by placing two forms next to each other

A two-dimensional or implied two-dimensional area defined by line or changes in color

The regular or ordered repetition of dominant and subordinate elements or units within a design

the property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the way the object reflects or emits light

The relative purity or saturation of a hue (color), on a scale from bright (pure) to dull. Varying intensities are achieved by mixing a hue with a neutral or with another hue.

That property of a color identifying a specific, named wavelength of light such as green, red, violet, and so on. Often used synonymously with color

The lightness or darkness of tones or colors. White is the lightest value; black is the darkest. The value halfway between these extremes is called middle gray. Sometimes called "tone."

In the broadest sense, the total physical characteristics of an object or event. Usually describes the visual elements of a work of art that create meaning, for example: A huge, looming shape in a painting is a form that may create haunting or foreboding meaning

The study and philosophy of the quality and nature of sensory responses related to, but not limited by, the concept of beauty. Within the art context: the philosophy of art focusing on questions regarding what art is, how it is evaluated, the concept of beauty, and the relationship between the idea of beauty and the concept of art

A device for producing cloth or fiber art by interweaving fibers at right angles

A loom weaving method in which weft fibers of irregular length are pulled through stable warps to create patterns or pictures

In weaving, the horizontal threads interlaced through the warp. Also called woof

In weaving, the threads that run lengthwise in a fabric, crossed at right angles by the weft. Also, the process of arranging yarn or thread on a loom so as to form a warp.

The tactile qualities of surfaces, or the visual representation of those qualities

A type of painting in which pigment is suspended in a binder of hot wax, or beeswax

a natural wax produced by honey bees; Used in Encaustic painting

A system for creating an illusion of depth or three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface. Usually used to refer to linear perspective, which is based on the fact that parallel lines or edges appear to converge and objects appear smaller as the distance between them and the viewer increases. Atmospheric perspective (aerial perspective) creates the illusion of distance by reducing color saturation (intensity), value contrast, and detail in order to imply the hazy effect of atmosphere between the viewer and distant objects. Parallel lines remain parallel; there is no convergence. A work executed in one-point perspective has a single vanishing point. A work in two-point perspective has two of them

The art of beautiful writing. Broadly, a flowing use of line, often varying from thick to thin.

Most drawing media are either dry (e.g. graphite, charcoal, pastels, Conté, silverpoint), or use a fluid solvent or carrier (marker, pen and ink). Watercolor pencils can be used dry like ordinary pencils, then moistened with a wet brush to get various painterly effects

An opaque, water-soluble paint. Watercolor to which opaque white has been added

an instrument for writing or drawing, consisting of a thin stick of graphite or a similar substance enclosed in a long thin piece of wood or fixed in a metal or plastic case.

A dry drawing medium made from charred twigs, usually vine or willow

a pencil or stick of colored chalk or wax, used for drawing

A thin, transparent layer of paint or ink

The physical material that provides the base for and sustains a two-dimensional work of art. Paper is the usual support for drawings and prints; canvas or panels are common supports in painting.

cover with a layer of paint

In oil painting, a thin transparent or translucent layer brushed over another layer of paint, allowing the first layer to show through but enriching its color slightly. In ceramics, a vitreous or glassy coating applied to seal and decorate surfaces. Glaze may be colored, transparent, or opaque. 2. A silica-based paint for clay that fuses with the clay body on firing. Can be almost any color, or translucent. The silica base makes a glasslike surface on the clay piece

visual illusion in art, especially as used to trick the eye into perceiving a painted detail as a three-dimensional object.

Italian word meaning "light dark." The gradations of light and dark values in two-dimensional imagery. Especially the illusion of rounded, three-dimensional form created through gradations of light and shade rather than line. Highly developed by Renaissance painters

A clear synthetic resin used as a binder in acrylic paint and as a casting material in sculpture

A water-based paint that uses egg yolk as a binder. Many commercially made paints identified as tempera are actually gouache

a paste made with ground pigment and a drying oil such as linseed oil, used chiefly by artists

Paint that uses water-soluble gum as the binder and water as the vehicle. Characterized by transparency. Also, the resulting painting

Sculpture made by assembling found or cast-off objects that may or may not contribute their original identities to the total content of the work.

A painting technique in which pigments suspended in water are applied to a damp lime-plaster surface. The pigments dry to become part of the plaster wall or surface. Sometimes called true fresco or buon fresco to distinguish it from painting over dry plaster, or "fresco secco."

the application of a mixture of lime, cement or gypsum plaster and/or sand and water (or other materials to achieve a similar result) for the covering of internal or external walls and ceilings.

a strong, coarse unbleached cloth made from hemp, flax, cotton, or a similar yarn, used to make items such as sails and tents and as a surface for oil painting.

the arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of something complex

having or serving a utilitarian purpose; capable of serving the purpose for which it was designed; constructed or made according to the principles of functionalism or primarily as a direct fulfillment of a material need.

in the broadest sense, the total physical characteristics of an object or event. Usually describes the visual elements of a work of art that create meaning, for example: A huge, looming shape in a painting is a form that may create haunting or foreboding meaning.

A subtractive process in which a sculpture is formed by removing material from a block or mass of wood, stone, or other material, with the use of sharpened tools

Working pliable material such as clay or wax into three-dimensional forms

Sculpture in relief in which the subjects emerge only slightly from the surface. Also called low relief. No undercutting is present

A substitution process that involves pouring liquid material such as molten metal, clay, wax, or plaster into a mold. When the liquid hardens, the mold is removed, and a form in the shape of the mold is left

Works of art made with more than one medium

The symbolic meanings of subjects and signs used to convey ideas important to particular cultures or religions, and the conventions governing the use of such forms. For example, in traditional Christian art, a key symbolizes Saint Peter, to whom Christ gave the keys to the kingdom of heaven. An hourglass symbolizes the passage of time, etc.

The size relationship of parts to a whole and to one another

The size or apparent size of an object seen in relation to other objects, people, or its environment. Also used to refer to the quality or monumentality found in some objects regardless of their size. In architectural drawings, the ratio of the measurements in the drawing to the measurements in the building

The fluid and translucent qualities of glass are used to the fullest in his Seaforms series. He produces such pieces with a team of glass artists working under his direction. In this series, he arranged groups of pieces and carefully directed the lighting to suggest delicate undersea environments.

Glass has been used for at least four thousand years as a material for practical containers of all shapes and sizes. Elaborate, blown-glass pieces have been made in Venice since the Renaissance. Chemically, glass is closely related to ceramic glaze. Hot or molten glass is a sensitive, amorphous material that is shaped by blowing, casting, or pressing into molds. As it cools, glass solidifies from its molten state without crystallizing. After it is blown or cast, glass may be cut, etched, fused, laminated, layered, leaded, painted, polished, sandblasted, or slumped (softened for a controlled sag). The fluid nature of glass produces qualities of mass flowing into line, as well as translucent volumes of airy thinness.

Alexander Calder was among the first to explore the possibilities of kinetic sculpture, or sculpture that moves. Sculptors' traditional focus on mass is replaced in Calder's work by a focus on shape, space, and movement. Calder, a leading inventor of kinetic art, was one of the first twentieth-century artists who made actual motion a major feature of their art.