Argumentative Essay/ Toulmin Method
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Rhetoric is defined as:
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- \"the art of discourse\" - \"the art of effective speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques\" - Aristotle: \"the ability, in each case, to see all of the available means of persuasion\"
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Rhetoric refers to:
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The art of finding and analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners
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Factors that can affect a writer:
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- culture - interests - personal characteristics - age - experiences - gender - location - political belief - parents and peers - education
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Factors that can affect audience:
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- Age - social class - education - past experience- culture/subculture 0 expectations
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Context refers to:
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the situation that generates the need for writing
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Context is affected by:
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- time period/timing - location - cultural significance
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Claim
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to state or assert something is the case, typically without providing evidence or proof
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3 appeals
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logos, pathos, ethos
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Ethos in Greek?
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character
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Pathos in Greek?
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experience
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____ ____ affects the audience's emotional response.
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language choice
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Logos in Greek?
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word
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Logos means convincing through:
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clear, rational ideas
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What is a logical fallacy?
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an error in reasoning
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List the logical fallacies:
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- Bandwagon - Either/Or Fallacy or False Dichotomy - Appeal to Tradition - Hasty Generalization - Non Sequitur - Straw Man - Ad Hominem
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Bandwagon
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Urging the audience to accept a position because a majority of people hold that opinion
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Either/Or Fallacy or False Dichotomy
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Assuming there are only two options when there are many.
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Appeal to Tradition
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the idea being that because something is old or we've been doing it forever it must be accurate or based on evidence.
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Hasty Generalization
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Drawing a conclusion when there is not sufficient evidence (not necessarily faulty reasoning, just not sufficient evidence)
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Non Sequitor Fallacy
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conclusion is drawn where there is no logical connection at all (ignores important facts and related issues)
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Straw Man
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committed when a person simply ignores a person's actual position and substitutes a distorted, exaggerated or misrepresented version of that position.
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Ad Hominem
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Where you attack a speaker and not what h/she is saying
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What blend of appeals is needed for a supportive audience?
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Lots of pathos with logos and ethos supporting
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What blend of appeals is needed for a wavering audience?
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Mostly ethos and logos, with a bit of pathos
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What blend of appeals in needed for a hostile audience?
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LOTS of logos
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Who developed the Toulmin Method?
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British philosopher Stephen Toulmin
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List the 6 part of the Toulmin Method?
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- Data - Claim - Warrants - Qualifiers - Rebuttals - Backing
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Data
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The facts or evidence used to prove an argument
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Claim (TM)
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the statement being argued (a thesis)
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Warrants
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The general, hypothetical (and often implicit), logical statements that serve as bridges between the claim and the data
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Qualifiers
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Statements that limit the strength of the argument or statements that props the conditions under which the argument is true
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Rebuttals
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Counter-arguments or statements indicating circumstances when the general argument does not hold true
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Backing
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Statements that serve to support the warrants 9i.e. arguments that don't necessarily prove the main point being argues, but which DO prove the warrants are true.
