Argumentation Test Questions – Flashcards
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Process of reasoning which asserts the soundness of a debateable position, belief, or conclusion (reasons to support a point of view)
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Argumentation
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how a writer influences an audience to adopt a belief or follow a course of action (influence one's beliefs)
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Persuasion
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what an author wants their argument to accomplish and how they expect the audience to respond
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Purpose
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an arguable statement (position statement that can be objected to by those who disagree) example: At least 25% of the federal budget should be spent on limiting pollution
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Debateable Thesis
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a statement that asserts the opposite position of the origional thesis
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Antithesis
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statements that are generally agreeable and/or can be verified example: statistics
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Facts
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an interpretation based on fact
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Opinions
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the evidence supplied by the author should support the thesis and be pertinent towards the argument
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Criteria for evidence = Relevance
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the evidence should address a whole range of opinions on the subject
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criteria for evidence = Representation
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the evidence should provide enough facts, opinions, and examples to thuroughly support the thesis
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Criteria for evidence = sufficence
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providing sources in which the supporting information was found (more reliable when evidence can be verified)
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Documentation of evidence
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presenting one's ideas as if they were your own
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Plagarism
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information that can be easily found in several sources (does not need to be cited) example: Miranda Kerr is a model; a dalmation has black spots
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Common knowledge
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directly addressing arguments made against your position in an effort to make your argument more sound
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Refutation
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showing that opposing arguments are unsound, unfair, or weak
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Refute
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admitting to the validity of an opposing argument (reinforces the impression that the author is a fair-minded person)
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Concede
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distorting an opposing argument by making it seem weaker than it actually is (fabrication, distraction)
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Strawman
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entering a cooperative agreement as opposed to agressively refuting opposing arguments. finding a common ground or mutually satisfying solutions (develops respect)
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Rogerian Argument
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moving from a general assumption to a specific conclusion
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Deductive Reasoning
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(when transitioning from evidence to conclusion) moves from an observation to a general conclusion
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Inductive Reasoning
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form of deductive reasoning example: All olympic runners are fast. Jesse Owens was an olympic runner. Therefore, Jesse Owens was fast.
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Syllogism
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general statement
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major premise
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relative and more specific statement
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minor premise
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approach for structuring an argument using 3 parts (to get the desired response)
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Toulmin Logic
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main point of an argumentative essay (may be directly stated or implied)
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Claim
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material used to support the claim (evidence, appeals to emotion, etc.)
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Grounds
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inference connecting claim to the grounds (belief or assumption which underlies an argument)
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Warrant
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CLAIM: Carol should be class president GROUNDS: Carol is an honors student WARRANT: An honors student would make a great class president
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Toulmin logic example
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diversion; illogical statements which are deceptive or dishonest
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fallacies
