APUSH The Last West and New South 1865-1900 – Flashcards
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a nickname used before 1860 to describe the lands between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean, specifically the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian. These lands had few trees and not that much rain, not enough for eastern-style farming. Extreme heat and cold also discouraged settlers of these lands.
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Great American desert
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a term that encompasses the settlement of the west because of various precious metal rushes between 1849-1900ish. Rushes include the California (1849), Pike's Peak (1859), Comstock Lode (1859). Mining settlements were called boomtowns and included native-born Americans as well as immigrants. The increase of silver caused a crisis about the value of gold and silver backed currency in the 1880s and 1890s.
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mining frontier
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An federal act that was brought about because of pressures from western states worried about competition for jobs by the Chinese (mostly for mining). This act prohibited further immigration to the United States by the Chinese laborers. It was renewed 10 years later and was the first major act by Congress to restrict immigration based on race and nationality. It was not repealed until 1943 by the Magnuson Act, but its effects are still present today.
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Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
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An economic activity in the American West primarily during 1866-1886 where longhorn cattle were herded by cowboys to railroads in Kansas to be shipped to the east. The most famous of these trails was the Chilsholm Trail developed by Joseph G. McCoy. ________ came to an end partially because of overgrazing and a winter blizzard and drought of 1885-1886. Additionally, homesteaders used barbed wire to cut access to the open range. Cattlemen turned to developing huge ranches and using grains to create more tender beef. Refrigerated rail cars helped transport beef more effectively.
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cattle drives
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People who rounded up Texas Longhorn cattle and traveled with them to railroads to be shipped to the East
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cowboys; vaqueros
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a type of fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points at intervals along the strands invented by Joseph Glidden in 1873. It was used by homesteaders to protect their farmlands from roaming cattle, and helped end the cattle drives
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barbed wire
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a term that encompasses the settlement of the West by homesteaders who were enticed by the Homestead Act of 1861. Farming was very difficult with extremes of hot and cold weather, water and wood shortages, locus plagues, and general loneliness. The 160 acres of land given through the Act was not usually enough to sustain a farm. Two thirds of homesteaders' farms failed by 1900. Farmers who did stick it out learned how to grow Russian wheat and use "dry farming" and deep-plowing techniques. Damns also helped.
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farming frontier
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Commercial farms that developed in the Great Plains as individual homesteaders sold their lands. These farms usually only produced one or two cash crops and sold their goods to the East and abroad. They were run like large businesses and had the money for technology to farm the harsh land - truly capitalistic. Agriculture production increased with these farms as the number of people in agriculture decreased. However, in the 1880s and 1890s, too much grain was produces, and prices fell. The farms had to produce more grain in order to stay on top since they could not diversify
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bonanza farms
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This bill offered land in the Northwest that was unsuitable for farming to "settlers" at cheap prices. Therefore, lumber companies hired people to buy the land and then transfer it to the company.
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Timber and Stone Act of 1878
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The name given to African Americans who went from the Southern states to Kansas in 1879 and 1880, modeling their journey after the that of the Israelites going to the Promised Land. They were led by Seperationist leaders such as Pap Singleton. Unfortunately, many became unsuccessful and faced the same racial difficulties as in the South.
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Exodusters
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A broad expanse of flat land covered in prairie, steppe, and grassland between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains in the U.S and Canada. This area covers parts of the U.S. states of Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming.
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Great Plains
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An area once set aside for Native American reservations but was thrown open to settlement in 1889. It was the area of the last great land rush to the West; in 1890, the U.S Census Bureau had declared that the entire frontier had been settled.
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Oklahoma Territory
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The essay written by Frederick Jackson Turner titled "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" in 1893 that maintained that 300 years of frontier settling had greatly shaped American society, promoting independence and individualism. It also acted as a social leveler that led to a better democracy. Turner also discussed how the closing of the frontier would end the safety valve for releasing discontent in American society. The U.S might condemned to the social conflict and divisions of Europe. Historians still debate this essay.
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Turner Thesis
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Tracts of land with definite boundaries reserved for Native Americans, usually on land undesirable for whites. Most _________ are located in Oklahama and South Dakota. These ______ came about in 1851 in councils at Fort Laramie and Fort Atkinson when the federal government began assigning Plains Native Americans land.
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reservations
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The term for the series of conflicts between the settlers/U.S army and the Native Americans of the Great Plains Northwest, and Southwest as settlers took Native lands and the army tried to relocate tribes to reservations. It began in the 1850s and lasted on 1890 at the Massacre at Wounded Knee
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Indian Wars
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The leader of the Sioux Native Americans during the Indian Wars and the Sioux Wars of the 1870s. He was involved in the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876. He led his tribe to Canada, but had to return to the United States in 1881. He was arrested and killed on December 15, 1890 by U.S troops.
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Sitting Bull
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A Native American leader of the Ogala Sioux who led his tribe in the second Sioux War. He led the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876 by surrounding Colonel George Custer's army.
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Crazy Horse
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A battle that took place on June 25 and 26, 1876 that was the most famous conflict during the Great Sioux War. The combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Native Americans surrounded and killed all of the 7th Calvary Regiment of the U.S Army, led by Colonel George Custer
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Battle of the Little Bighorn
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The chief of the Nez Perce Native American tribe who tried to lead his tribe to Canada to join Sitting Bull and the Sioux but was caught by U.S troops just 30 miles from the border in 1877. His tribe was eventually forced to go to an Indian reservation, with many of its members dying from sickness. Chief Joseph eloquently pleaded the Native American cause in Washington to Hayes, but to no avail.
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Chief Joseph
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Wrote A Century of Dishonor, published in 1881 that chronicled the injustices done to Native Americans. However, she proposed assimilation to "civilize" them; like other whites she misunderstood their situation.
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Helen Hunt Jackson
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White humanitarians who emphasized formal education and training and conversion to Christianity. They wanted to "civilize" the Native Americans and destroy their culture. Boarding schools such as the Carlisle School in Pennsylvania were developed to segregate children from their people and teach them white culture and farming and industrial skills.
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assimilationists
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A new approach to dealing with Native Americans that was designed to break up tribal organizations, which people felt kept Natives from becoming "civilized" and law-abiding. It divided the tribal lands into plots of 160 acres or less and U.S citizenship was granted to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and adopted the habits of whites. Under this act, disease and poverty reduced the Native population to 200,000 persons, most of whom lived as wards of the federal government.
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Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
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The last effort of Native Americans to resist U.S domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands. ___________ were supposed to remove whites from their land, return the buffalo, and bring ancestors killed by the whites back to life. These dances terrified the whites and brought more U.S troops into Native American lands.
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Ghost Dance Movement
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After the death of Sitting Bull, some Sioux attempted to leave their reservation, but were apprehended by the federal army. As the ale Sioux were handing in their weapons, a shot was fired and the U.S soldiers opened fire on the Native Americans, killing over 200 en, women, and children on December 29, 1890. Most of the Native Americans were unarmed. This marked the end of the Indian Wars; after all Native Americans were forced into reservations.
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Massacre at Wounded Knee
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This act happened under Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal in the 1930s. It promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture. Thus, today, over 1.8 million Native Americans belong to 116 tribes within the United States.
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Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
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A vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady, the editor of the Atlanta Constitution, spread the gospel of the ______ with editorials for economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism.
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New South
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A credit system widely used by farmers in the United States in the South from the 1860s to the 1920s. Storekeepers granted credit until the farm was harvested. To protect the creditor, the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. The system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of. Thus, with this and sharecropping, many poor blacks were forced to remain as tenants in debt.
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crop lien system
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An African-American scientist at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama who promoted the growing of crops such as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans to diversify the South's harvest from just cotton
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George Washington Carver
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An industrial and agricultural school in Alabama founded by Booker T. Washington in 1881. This became the largest and best-known industrial school in the nation.
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Tuskegee Institute
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An organization founded in 1877 in response to the falling prices, mounting debts, and climbing interest rates of Southern farmers. By 1890, it claimed over a million members. It was only open for whites and focused on purchasing issues and marketing issues. It supported the Populist Party in the Election of 1892, but it declined after that.
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Farmers' Southern Alliance
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An organization founded in 1886 for African-American farmers that was similar to the Farmers' Southern Alliance. Black farmers were also plagued with falling prices, mounting debts, and climbing interest rates. Along with focusing on the same issue as the white farming alliances, this organization published a weekly newspaper at set up educational programs. It declined after the Election of 1892.
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Colored Farmers' National Alliance
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Laws that separated public facilities for blacks and whites as a means of treating African Americans as social inferiors. These laws were mostly prevalent int the South where the redeemers played on the racial fears of whites to retain power.
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segregation laws
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In the 1870s after Reconstruction ended, the U.S Supreme Court struck down many of the Reconstruction acts that applied to civil rights. In these cases, the Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens. This included railroads, hotels, and other businesses used by the public.
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Civil Rights Cases of 1883
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A landmark court case from 1896 where the U.S Supreme Court upheld that Louisiana's "separate but equal" accommodations for blacks and whites on railroads was constitutional. It did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of "equal protection of the laws". Thus, many Southern states took this case as a "okay" to create their own segregation laws and other discriminatory acts against blacks.
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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Segregation laws adopted in Southern local and state governments between 1876 and 1965 that required segregated washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, and other facilities in virtually all public places except the use of streets and most stores.
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Jim Crow laws
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Various political and legal devices to prevent southern blacks from voting that got around the Fifteenth Amendment. ____________ stated that men could vote only if his grandfather had cast ballots before 1867 (1868 is when blacks earned the right to vote). _____________ were created that were too high for many poor blacks to pay. Many blacks could not pass __________________.
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grandfather clause; poll tax; literacy test
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A bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church who created the International Migration Society in 1894 to help American blacks emigrate to Africa
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Henry Turner
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An editor of this black newspaper who campaigned against lynching and the Jim Crow laws. She was forced to carry on her work in the North because of death threats and the destruction of her printing press.
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Ida B. Wells, Memphis "Free Speech"
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A former slave who had graduated from Hampton Institute. He founded the Tuskegee Institute in 1881 and it became his mission to teach southern African Americans skilled trades, the virtues of hard work, moderation, and economic self-help. He thought this would empower African Americans more than protesting for civil rights. He is famous for a speech at an exposition in Atlanta in 1895. He organized the National Negro Business League in 1900. His approach was later criticized by many civil rights leaders, especially W.E.B Du Bois, for being too passive.
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Booker T. Washington
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An organization founded by Booker T. Washington in 1900 that established 320 chapters across the country to support businesses owned and operated by African Americans
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National Negro Business League
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A problem farmers dealt with in the late 1800s as increased American production as well as global competition from Russia, Argentina, and Canada make prices of wheat, cotton, and other crops to drop. Farmers faced high interest rates and the need to grow more to pay off old debts. Overproduction just decreased prices more. Many independent farmers had to become tenants and sharecroppers.
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crop-price deflation
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Organized in 1868 by Oliver H. Kelley primarily as a social and educational organization for farmers and their families. It later took political action to defend its members against the middlemen, trusts, and railroads and was strongest in the Midwest. There were Granges in every state by 1873 and cooperatives were established.
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National Grange Movement
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Businesses owned and run by farmers to buy large quantities of the products that they needed at lower prices. These were part of the National Grange Movement
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cooperatives
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Laws that were put in place by state governments with lobbying from the Grange movement. For example, Grangers successfully lobbied their state legislatures to pass laws regulating the rates charged by railroads and elevators. Laws also made it illegal for railroads to fix prices by means of pools and give rebates to some privileged customers.
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Granger laws
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A landmark case from 1877 where the Supreme Court upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses that were public in nature, like railroads.
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Munn v. Illinois
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A landmark case from 1886 where the Supreme Court ruled that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce. This nullified many of the Granger laws, which were brought on a state level. Railway companies just raised their long-haul (interstate) rates.
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Wabash v. Illinois
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An Act that was put in place in response to the outcry from Wabash v. Illinois that was the first federal attempt to regulate interstate railroads. It required railroads to be "reasonable and just" and set up the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices. The commission actually helped railroad companies stabilize rates and lessen destructive competition, but it lost a lot of cases that would help farmers.
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Interstate Commerce Act of 1886
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Organizations that became popular in the late 1880s that were formed for the same reasons people joined the Grange in earlier times. Alliances were formed in different regions to serve farmers' needs for education in the latest scientific methods and for economic and political action. These alliances had the chance to become an national independent political party.
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farmers' alliances
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A political platform that was created by the National Alliance in 1890 that would have significance in the Populist movement in the elections of 1892 and 1896: 1) direct election of U.S senators 2) lower tariff rates 3) graduated income tax 4) a new banking system regulated by the federal government They also proposed to put more money in circulation, causing inflation that would raise crop price. To free farmers from middlemen and creditor dependence, they also suggested federal storage for farmers' crops and federal loans.
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Oscala Platform
