APUSH the gilded age, industry and labor unions (ch 17 and 20) – Flashcards

-He won the war, so he was elected -"waving the bloody shirt" -presidency marred by scandal -Credit Moblier Scandal (construction of transcontinental railroad- making more profit- paid off congress- VP and congress members forced to resign) -whiskey ring (conspiracy between distillers and government officials to withold liquor tax- showed companies how to avoid paying taxes) -indian ring (bribes in return for giving out licenses for trading posts on Indian Reservations) -black friday (an attempt to corner the gold market and new york stock exchange)

-Began in the 1860s -Involves the construction of the transcontinental railroad -Union Pacific Railroad formed a construction company called the Credit Moblier of America (CMA) -It would be better to own the company than the railroad -Congressman Oakes Ames -Owner of the CPRR was Leland Stanford -The directors of the UPRR were also the directors of the CMA -CMA was paid $50,000 per mile for construction, but the actual cost was $30,000 per mile -Profits were shared by directors and shareholders -To protect themselves, the directors of the CMA sold stock at below value to members of Congress -Members of congress continued to support bills that supplied the CMA -New York Sun Newspaper started publishing articles and forced investigation -Grant's VP Schulyer Colfax is implicated -Colfax and several members of Congress are forced to resign

Credit Mobilier Scandal: -New York Sun Newspaper started publishing articles and forced investigation -Grant's VP Schulyer Colfax is implicated -Colfax and several members of Congress are forced to resign

-St. Louis Democrat newspaper -Conspiracy between distillers and government officials to withhold liquor tax -John MacDonald (federal employee) and close friend of Grant -Orville Babcock, grant's personal secretary -The two showed companies how to avoid paying taxes -Grant said he would prosecute anyone! -We will find out who is responsible, and we will prosecute them -"leave no stone unturned" -Babcock resigns. Grant gave him a letter of apporval -Babcock tells him he is involved in it -So Grant lets him go and says he will give him a high recommendation at a job

-machine politics -Represents corruption at the state and local levels -William Marcy "Boss" Tweed (1860s-1870s) -Head of the _____ -Headquarters was at "Tammany Hall" -Directed political appointments -Directed public works through appointments -Tweed would often over pay a construction firm for putting up a new building, then receive funds from the firm in return for the favor -Runs the city and then dies in a prison that he had built

represents corruption at the state and local levels -think boss tweed

headquarters of William Marcy "Boss" Tweed and the tweed ring

-financial depression -one of the biggest depressions in American History -The USA was rapidly industrializing -We are starting to create so much stuff that it is kind of frightening -It is amazing how quickly we are industrializing -Business leaders and owners were borrowing money to invest into their own factories and rapidly increased output -They began to produce more than what was sold -Factories shut down and layoffs begin -Farmers were also hurting -Farmers went into debt -Bought new equipment and more acreage and created a surplus of farm products -Railroads were also in trouble -Over $1 billion were invested in railroads -Poorly managed they went into debt and created a lot of bankruptcies -The ____ began in September 1873 (Grant is the president) -The banking firm Jay Cooke and Company failed -Jay Cooke: one of the wealthiest men in America, made his money during the Civil war, the government invested in him to invest in railroads, etc. -He became one of the most trusted people in the United States for finances -He mismanaged the money in his company and the company collapsed around him -Individuals and other banks had been invested in him -This brought down many other banks and businesses -By the end of 1873, 3 million people were unemployed and 5,000 companies failed -Panic leads to a call for Inflation! -Debtors were struggling -The Debtors in America were the farmers, some manufacturers, laborers -Anyone in debt likes inflation -Government had withdrawn $100 million in "greenbacks" -Grant wanted to keep a "hard money" currency -"sound money" -Everything should be in gold -You never issue more money than you have in gold to back it up -Debtors wanted "cheap money" -Demanded the greenback -The governments "deflation" policy was killing them -Inflation is good for them- The money that you are paying back is worth less than what you borrowed -Deflating the economy: money is hard to get, so if you are paying the payments, you are paying more than what you borrowed (Kills those who are in debt) -Would also like to have silver -Out in the West there are huge discoveries of silver (in Nevada) -Grant will not change, lets keep deflating the economy -By 1874, these people helped create the "Greenback Labor Party"

the panic of 1873 was one of the biggest financial ____ of American History

-Adam smith -let business do what they want, government keep their hands off -this attitude of government does not help workers

-High protective tariffs -War contracts for weapons and supplies -Laissez-Faire attitude -Adam Smith -Let business do what business does, hands off -The government will go out of its way to make sure that businesses are profitable

-Based on the teachings of Charles Darwin -"On the Origin of the species" -"The Descent of Man" -Natural Selection and Evolution -Herbet Spencer: -Applies Darwin to society -Survival of the fittest -____ in the U.S.: -Society is continually evolving into perfection -The strong will survive -If the poor, downtrodden, and destitute are helped, society will cease to evolve -The nations industry relied on a select few to survive. There is no need for regulation -"unbridled capitalism" -Rise of Monopoly

-Andrew Jackson- political agreements, people who support the presidency get nice government jobs -President Hayes tries to deal with this problem -he says lets require a competitive exam rather than patronage

-An attempt to corner the Gold Market on the New York Gold Exchange -We want all the gold in the country -They recruited Grant's brother in law Abel Corbin -Told him that they would make him rich -They used Corbin in "social situations." Fisk and Gould would argue that the government should never sell gold and Corbin would always agree -Corbin also got Grant to name Daniel Butterfield to assist the Secretary of Treasury -Butterfield told _____ that he would warn them if the US were to sell gold -_____then tried to buy all the gold -Grant finally figures it out and pours $4 million in gold on to the market -They flood the market with gold and the price goes down -Prices fall and many people were ruined (including Corbin!) -Most who had gold certificates were ruined

-Debtors were struggling -The Debtors in America were the farmers, some manufacturers, laborers -Anyone in debt likes ____ -____ is good for them- The money that you are paying back is worth less than what you borrowed -Government's deflation policy was killing them- Deflating the economy: money is hard to get, so if you are paying the payments, you are paying more than what you borrowed

-Grant wanted to keep a "____" currency -Everything should be in gold -You never issue more money than you have in gold to back it up

-a huge discovery of Silver (Nevada) created a surplus of silver!! -Many people wanted to incorporate silver into the economy and expand the money supply -hayes doesn't like this, he wanted the "sound money" proponent -many were calling for "_____"

-government had withdrawn $100 million in ___ -debators wanted "cheap money" -they demanded the ___ -inflation is good for them

-tangible -Have it, feel it, touch it, you have it there, you know exactly how much it is worth -Gold -Silver -Intangible -Paper -You can burn it, what is its value? -Richard Bland (MO) -Great idea that will force the federal treasury to buy two to four million dollars worth of silver from the silver mines out west- bring it to Washington, melt it down, and start producing coins that will be issued at a ratio of to 16:1 (16 silver dollars to one gold dollar) -This will cause an inflationary policy in the United States- make those with debt happy -Hayes hates this idea, vetoes it, but his veto is overridden -William Allison (IA) -Silver is the problem -A lot of people love it, a lot of people hate it -Gold is what people are after -Silver is valuable, but not as valuable as Gold

-Tries to deal with economic and political problems -Decides to take on the spoils system -Spoil system: Andrew Jackson- political agreements, people who support the presidency get nice government jobs -Spoils System vs. civil service requiring a competitive exam rather than patronage -Senator Roscoe Conkling opposed! -He is a republican senator, opposing the republican president (_______) -This splits the Republican party!! -tries currency reform -The treasury did not have enough money in gold to buy back greenbacks -Issued too many during the civil war, and they couldn't buy them all back with gold -But a huge discovery of Silver (Nevada) created a surplus of silver!! -Many people wanted to incorporate silver into the economy and expand the money supply (but ____ didn't like this, he was a "sound money" proponent) -Bland-Allison Act

-under Rutherford B. Hayes -requires a competitive exam rather than patronage

-President Chester A. Arthur (he is not renominated) -14,000 Government jobs only obtained by persons who pass a qualifying exam

-senator -opposed the idea of civil service (competitive exam rather than patronage) -he is a republican senator opposing the republican president (Rutherford B. Hayes) -this splits the republican party

-Party bosses and machine politicians that had received great power through patronage -Everything that they got came from the spoils system -powerful enough to stop reform under Hayes

-this is not the term they gave themselves-they are mixed race -Republicans that support civil service

-reformers and liberal republicans -Liberal republicans that want to reform the government -Demanded an end to corruption -Desired an efficient government -"a public office is public trust"

-Civil war veteran -Vice president Chester Arthur- stalwarts demanded him, former treasury official and product of the spoil system- everything he has is because of the spoil system -wins election of 1880 by "waving the bloody shirt" on tariff issues -He upsets many people because he won't appoint them -You have to prove that you can work for the government -______ favored the policies of the "Half-Breeds" and this upset the stalwarts -Roscoe Conkling was beginning to lose power by 1881 (_____'s supporters were taking Conkling's positions) -shot and wounded by charles guiteau on july 2, 1881 -dies on september 22, 1881

-Insane -Said that he was the one who won Garfield's presidency -"disappointed office seeker" -Shot and wounded Garfield on July 2, 1881 -Garfield dies September 22, 1881

-New York Machine Politician -SURPRISE!!! He supports the Civil system!! -he "goes against the grain" -He is so disgusted by what is going on in the government -He is so angered by the assassination of the president -Pendleton Act of 1883 -14,000 Government jobs only obtained by persons who pass a qualifying exam -He is not re-nominated in 1884

-Election of 1884 -Return of the democrats- Democrat: _____ (NY) -"A bachelor with a ill-legitimate child" -supported by the mugwumps -Tried to lower tariffs -Must Republicans at the time were trying to make tariffs higher (High tariffs create high prices in the U.S.) -So ______ thought if he could lower the tariffs, he could lower the prices -______ felt that high tariffs raised the prices on all goods for all citizens -______ Felt that a lower tariff would make it possible to reduce other taxes and benefit all consumers -Democrat 1877: announces he wants a lower tariff -______wants an efficient, less corrupt government -Republicans unhappy, they do NOT want free trade

-election of 1888, republican -much more organized than democrats and had pamphlets and a press to sway people to see the advantages of a higher tariff -America is quickly industrializing!

-High ____ create high prices in the U.S. -Cleveland thought if he could lower the ____, he could lower the prices -Cleveland felt that high ____ raised the prices on all goods for all citizens -Americans wanted them higher -Lower _____ bring in foreign competition and threaten jobs -Republicans were much more organized then democrats and had pamphlets and a press to sway people to see the advantages of a higher ____

the people who would like to have silver in the economy formed this party, also they wanted inflation (it was good for them) -formed around the time of Grant, 1874

a business cycle contraction, a general slowdown in economic activity (around 1873), occurs when there is a drop in spending, triggered by a financial crisis

economy-wide fluctuations in production or economic activity over several months or years- these fluctuations occur around a long-term growth trend, and typically involve shifts over time between periods of rapid economic growth, and periods of relative decline -Prosperity then decline, prosperity then decline, etc. -Marked by depressions, panics, and recessions

economic system that is based on private ownership of capital goods and the means of production, and the creation of goods and services for profit

economic system that is characterised by social ownership of the means of production and the co-operative managment of the economy -consists of a system of production and distribution organized to directly satisfy economic demands and human needs so that goods and services are produced directly for use instead of for private profit

assistance to a business or economic sector or producers- most are set in place by the government for producers or are distributed as subventions in an industry to prevent decline of that industry -a form of protection or trade barrier by making domestic goods and services artifically competitive against imports

-Spirit of "entrepreneurship" -People want to start and manage their own business -They want to work and make their own business for themselves -Most people in the United States aspire to this -Labor and Capital were abundant -1865-1868: 480,000 immigrants come to the USA -Looking for work in the Northern cities -Southerners migrate north looking for work -Factories begin to expand -Government policies help: -High protective tariffs -War contracts for weapons and supplies -Laissez-Faire attitude (Let business do what business does, hands off)- The government will go out of its way to make sure that businesses are profitable

-Unlimited liability -investments into companies (i.e. stocks) -If you invested into a company, and that company did something wrong, then you were liable for every loss that the company has -You could lose everything if something goes wrong -Limited Liability -You only lose for what you have put in

-Augustus Swift -Andrew Carnegie -Business model in which one company controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to finished goods -Swift: Meat -Carnegie: Steel -To make steel: -You need iron ore -Messabi Range (MN and MI)- own all the iron you will ever need to make steel, put it on ships, send it to Erie PN, ships on railroad to Pittsburg, known as US Steel, the only place you can buy steel in the United States -Labor -Bessemer convertor -Coal -Coke -Predatory Pricing

-type of ownership and control -strategy used by a business or corporation that seeks to sell a type of product in numerous markets -occurs when a firm is being taken over by or merged with another firm in the same industry and in the same stage of production as the merged firm

-control all aspects of production from raw materials to finished goods -Steel -To make steel: -You need iron ore -Messabi Range (MN and MI)- own all the iron you will ever need to make steel, put it on ships, send it to Erie PN, ships on railroad to Pittsburg, known as US Steel, the only place you can buy steel in the United States -Labor -Bessemer convertor -Coal -Coke

-The world's first billionaire -Becomes known as the most hated man in America -Horizontal integration -Started in Cleveland, Ohio -Entered the oil business "at the right time" -Titusville, PA -Prior to this, oil only used for kerosene -1863: Began the Standard Oil Company of Ohio (refinery) -Borrowed and bought oil fields -Added pipelines -Created a distribution network -He started to make a ton of money selling oil to the United States government and anyone else who would buy it -1870: owns 1/10 of all oil refineries in America -Created the National Refiners Association (Cartel) -All the oil producers in the United States -______ is president -Set prices and production limits -Fails -______ wants control of the entire industry -Gets railroads to offer him rebates -They cannot charge _____ as much as they are charging other companies -Set up an espionage network to spy on companies -People hired into other oil companies to find out their plans -He knows everything that is going on in every company in the oil industry -Target individual companies for take overs -Drives people out of business then sets prices -Creates a new legal form of business (The Trust) -Business owners assigned a small group of associates, the board of trustees, to hold stock form all combined firms -They are managed as a single entity -Creates new companies so he doesn't have to spend any money anywhere, only with his companies -Inward spending -Some states try to prevent monopolies -New Jersey is the exception (They will become the site of a lot of big corporations)

-exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity -characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce the good or service and a lack of viable substitute goods

-The use of machines to make goods faster, cheaper and more efficient -Provides goods for a mass market -Less need for skilled labor -Eventually the assembly line (by Henry Ford)

-->Land -Abundance of raw materials on this land -->Labor -We have an excess population, people are coming in form other places -->Capital -->Management -People are pulling it all together -->Favorable government

-All phases of making a product were carried out in one location -Enabled manufacturers to centralize production -Closer to sources of power and raw materials

-George Westinghouse: Air brake. Increased safety -George Pullman: sleeping, dining and parlor cars -Pullman palace car -Eased long distance travel

-improvements in railroads -sleeping, dining and parlor cars -____ palace car -eased long distance travel

-improvements in railroads -air brake, increased safety

-investments into companies (i.e. stocks) -If you invested into a company, and that company did something wrong, then you were liable for every loss that the company has -You could lose everything if something goes wrong

-you only lose what you have put in the company

a separate legal entity that has been incorporated through a legislative or registration process established through legislation. Incorporated entities have legal rights and liabilities that are distinct from their shareholders,[1] and may conduct business for either profit-seeking business or not for profit purposes.

investments into companies

-an agreement by several companies to divide a market among themselves -Aka: _____ -Keeps prices at specific and profitable levels -This will become illegal

-created when major stockholders of several companies assign their stock to a group of trustees -Because they held a large number of shares in the companies, the trustees were able to gain control of the management of companies -In return for stocks, the trustees give stockholder "Trust Certificates" and a share of future profits -Price fixing forces smaller companies out of business

-they make nothing, they produce nothing, they just buy everyone's stalk to gain control of corporations -Sold stock like a corporation -Makes no products -Buy stocks in other corporations in order to gain control of them -Majority stock holder

andrew carnegie

john rockefeller

-1870-1900: American cities tripled in size -40% of populace lived in cities -Immigrants -Displaced agricultural workers -Don't need these workers anymore -People in search of (industrial) employment -City dwellers had new things to deal with: -Mass transit lines (subways, trolley cars) -Leads to the growth of "suburbs" -If you don't want to live in the polluting area -If you don't want to live next to the poor people (they live next to their workplace) -Segregation (not just by race) -Ghettos: all people who are the same live in the same area -Social Class: white collar (can't get your collars dirty) and blue collar (those who are out working) workers -Ethnicity -Electricity -Indoor plumbing -Crime: the policeman were the Irish -Sanitary troubles: big deal -Tenement housing (flop house)

-Ongoing problem in America -Until 1880 most were from the British Isles and West Europe -We could kid of deal with them -Fair skinned, WASP (except Irish and German Catholics) -Could easily assimilate in America -Children would lose accents -The parents may have accents, but the children will not -The children become white people

all people who are the same live in the same area

those who are working, the working class

can't get your collar dirty, not the working class

-Come from Southern and Eastern Europe -Italians -Croats -Slovaks -Greeks -Poles -Jews (pogroms) -The hatred runs thick -Pogrom: government sponsored or group sponsored attack against Jewish people -The most dangerous day for them is Good Friday -Baltic nations -Lithuania -Estonia -Etc. -"Birds of Passage"- single males who hope to make money and return home

-Most were illiterate and poor! -Catholic or Jews -Darker skinned -"Birds of Passage" -Particularly hated group -Single males only in the US for a short period of time, hope to make money and return home

-Anti-foreignism -Xenophobia -Fear of foreigners (illegal aliens) -"WASPS" will soon be outnumbered and outvoted by the "new immigrants" who are of degenerate races -"Native" Americans blamed for immigrants for: -Degradation of urban governments (Boss Tweed) -"Starvation wages" -Socialism, communism, anarchy -American Protective Agency (APA) -Urge people to NOT vote for any Catholic -"Papists" and Anti-American

-nativism -urge people to NOT vote for any catholic -"papists" and anti-american

-immigrants -White-Anglo-Saxon-Protestants

-first Act that restricts immigration -Not allow certain people into the country -Paupers -Criminals -Convicts -Insane -Polygamists -Prostitutes -Alcoholics -Anarchists -Anyone with a contagious disease -Idiots (people who could not care for themselves) -NO Asians

immigrants not allowed in the United States

-opens in 1892 -the gateway for millions of immigrants to the United States as the nation's busiest immigration inspection station from 1892 until 1924

a work force with a high skill level that creates significant economic value through the work performed

-Factories brought in a work force of many ____ laborers -Perform simple monotonous tasks that require little to no training -These people did not join unions. They were considered to be rivals that worked for lower wages -Most of your workers are at the mercy of employees

-growth occurs with the rise of industry -representatives of workers in many industries -bargaining over wages, benefits and working conditions -_____offer a chance for workers to join forces -Many skilled _____ will begin to accept unskilled laborers to increase membership -Only by increasing size and strength could workers compete against industry

-Founded in 1866 by William Sylvis -First union to unite skilled and unskilled labor -1871: ____ has 600,000 members (also included farmers) -Sylvis wanted a broad-based popular movement: ____ should work to improve the lives of average Americans and he did not want to use the power of the strike -Demands: wages, better conditions, hours (Wanted workers to be "self-sufficient") -Form "co-operatives" (Not designed to make money) -Wanted business owned and run by the workers themselves -Co-ops aimed at "breaking even" and not making money -Co-ops could charge workers lower prices -____wanted the government to ban Chinese immigration (1882)- they were very racist -____wanted a 8 hour work day -They attempted political parties to persuade congress on the 8 hour work day issue, but did poorly in elections as a lobbyist group. As a result, they lost membership -The ____ fails

founded the National Labor Union in 1866 -work to improve the lives of the average American without using the power of the strike- wanted 8 hour work days

-Founded in 1869 by Uriah Stephens -Began as a secret society -Wanted political action and not strikes -Demanded: -An end to child labor -Public ownership of Railroad and telegraphs -8 hour work day -Worker co-ops -"equal pay for equal work" -Graduated income tax -Membership was small (although they allowed both women and blacks to join!) until: -Terrance Powderly takes over in 1879 -Stopped the secrecy -Began to recruit new members -1885: won a strike vs. Jay Gould's railroad -Membership jumped to 700,000 -Haymarket Square Riot

-founded the Knights of Labor in 1869 (began as a secret society) -wanted political action and not strikes -end to child labor, 8 hour work day, "equal pay for equal work," etc.

-took over the Knights of Labor in 1879 -stopped the secrecy of the society -began to recruit new members -1885: won a strike vs. Jay Gould's railroad

-Chicago, Illinois -May 1, 1886 (May day: the celebration of workers) -McCormick Harvesting Machine Company -One of the big events in union history -Workers were on strike in hopes of an 8 hour work day -May 3, 1886: police were brought in protect strikebreakers and scab laborers -Scab laborers: replacement workers- generally work for less and are generally not as good as those who are doing the job -Strikebreakers: you break up the strike- you beat the crap out of those who are on strike -Strikers clash with police and the strikebreakers (One person is killed and several are injured) -May 4, 1886: Anarchists plan to hold a rally against police brutality (And protest the violence from the day before) -20,000 people were expected to attend the rally at the Haymarket Square!!, But it was really wet and unseasonably cold, Only 1,500-2,000 came to the rally -Rally starts peaceful. Speeches given, pamphlets handed out. -Against the mayor's wishes, the police started to try to make the crowd disperse -Someone throws a pipe bomb at the police!!! (7 policemen are killed and 60 wounded) -Police respond by shooting into crowd killing 4 workers!! -Hundreds of workers were detained -The police beat several people during their investigation -8 people are arrested and tried for murder or conspiracy to commit murder -6 of the 8 were not even at the rally (7 were found guilty- 4 were hanged, one committed suicide, the other 2 were given long prison sentences)- The three unhanged men were later pardoned by Governor John Atlgeld because they did not receive a fair trial -Damage is done. KofL is linked to anarchist by the public(The KofL is basically done and its goals abandoned)

strikes + ____= violence -a person who rebels against any authority, established order or ruling power -uses violence to establish the order

-Known as the Wobblies (A lot of the membership are immigrants, and when they get arrested and are interrogated, it sounds to the police like they are saying Wobblies) -Started by Mary Harris Jones (mother Jones) -1902: federal government called her the most dangerous Woman in America -Big Bill Haywood -Elizabeth Flynn -Strove to unite all laborers, including African Americans -"an injury to one is an injury to all" -"one big union" -Not opposed to violence, even advocate it -Endorsed the ideas of class conflict and endorsed violence -A haven for anarchists -Began to fade during WWI -Never had membership over 150,000

-Mary Harris Jones -started the industrial workers of the world (wobblies) -1902: federal government called her the most dangerous woman in america

-founding leader in the industrial workers of the world (wobblies) -included in several important labor battles -advocate of industrial unionism

-United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly monopolisitc (monopoly) practices -railroads rates must be "reasonable and just" but did not empower government to fix specific rates -required a federal regulatory agency, the ICC- it monitored railroads to ensure that they compiled with the new regulations

-regulatory agency in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 -regulate railroads to ensure fair rates, eliminate rate discrimination and to regulate other aspects of common carriers

-1890 -prohibits certain business activities that reduce competition in the marketplace -requires the United States federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of being in violation -It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies -Law to stop monopolies in the United States -It was not enforced on these businesses for a long time -Att. General uses this law to end the strike (ARU strike) -The strike has hampered Interstate trade -Unions found to be in "restraint of trade" -Debs and others are jailed when they refuse to end the strike -With its leaders jailed, the strike collapses

-also known as the "Sugar Trust Case" -a United States Supreme Court case that limited the government's power to control monopolies

-1886: founded by Samuel Gompers -Skilled workers only -Not easily replaced in case of strikes -Did not try to gain huge sweeping changes/gains -Push for the concept of the "closed shop" -A place of employment in which only those in unions can have jobs -Really after: Collective Bargaining -Direct talks between organized workers and employees -Negotiate for wages, hours, working conditions -If agreement= contract -If no agreement= strike! -Members pay regular dues to the union (Strike fund) -By 1906, the ____ has 1,705,000 members

-founded the american federation of labor (AFL) in 1886

-the AFL pushed for this concept -a place of employment in which only those in unions can have jobs

-what the AFL REALLY wanted -direct talks between organized workers and employees -negotiate for wages, hours, working conditions -if agreement=contract -if no agreement=strike -members pay regular dues to the union (strike fund)

"Strike Fund" -used to pay the union members when they are on strike (since they're not working) -also used to pay the leader of the union

-a list or register of entities who, for one reason or another, are being denied a particular privilege, service, mobility, access or recognition. -As a verb, to ____ can mean to deny someone work in a particular field -introduced by railroad owners during the railroad strike of 1877

-you break up the strike -you beat the crap out of those who are on strike

-replacement workers -generally work for less and are generally not as good as those who are typically doing the job

-railroad strike of 1877 President _____: -Call out federal troops -"need to keep federal mail moving" -Federal troops were sent. Used against the strikes -American troops killing American civilians!!! (at least 18 people) -Clearly the government in on the side of business -Trains are running again by August -In summary: federal troops used against Unions, actually killing civilians

-Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead, Pennsylvania -The workers "Union Contract" was coming to an end -Carnegie's partner is Henry Clay Frick -He despises unions- "I can get one half of the working class to kill the other" -Frick sees an opportunity to save money and also an opportunity to break the union -He announces cuts in wages of some skilled workers -Declared that he "could no longer deal with the union" -June 1892: All workers, skilled and unskilled decided to go on strike -Frick hires 300 guards from the Pinkerton Detective Agency to protect the plant (They come in heavily armed and to do violence, everyone knows it) -Guards arrive on July 6 -Workers shoot at the guards -Huge battle- end of the day 16 killed (9 strikers, 7 guards) -Strikers take control of the major plants -Frick asks the governor to send the National Guard -8000 guardsmen arrive -Retake the plants -Scab labor is hired -Plant is re-opened -Threat of violence for the next 4 months -Mid-November 1892, the strike collapses -Accept a pay cut from $2.25 per day to $1.89 -Only 20% of strikers are re-hired -Unionism is going down in the steel industry

-Carnegie's partner is _____ -He despises unions- "I can get one half of the working class to kill the other" -Frick sees an opportunity to save money -Also an opportunity to break the union -Announces cuts in wages of some skilled workers -Declared that he "could no longer deal with the union" -June 1892: All workers, skilled and unskilled decided to go on strike -____ hires 300 guards from the Pinkerton Detective Agency to protect the plant (workers shoot at the guards and strikers take control of the major plants) -_____ asks the governor to send the National Guard -8000 guardsmen arrive and retake the plants, scab labor is hired -Plant is re-opened -Threat of violence for the next 4 months

-George Pullman and the Pullman Palace Car Company -1881: Pullman built a "model" town for his workers- Pullman, Illinois -All the workers live in the town and work for him, everything in the town was owned by George Pullman -1893: a depression hits the American Economy -Pullman lays off half of his 6,000 workers -The remaining 3,000 received pay cuts -He did not reduce the rents in the town -He is making money off of them -1894: Pullman sees an increase in business -Hires back 2,000 workers -But cuts the pay for everyone -Workers discover that Pullman is continuing to pay stockholders -The workers felt that he should restore the worker's wages -Pullman refused - May 11, 1894: workers go on strike -Pullman lays off all workers and closes the plant -Workers try to bargain with Pullman= FAIL -American Railway Union (ARU) urged all its members throughout the nation to not move any train that had Pullman Cars attached -Virtually impossibly not to move a train with a Pullman car on it -RR owners fire employees that won't move the cars -This strike and "Boycott" shut down most of the nation's rail lines -Railroad owners have a plan -Hired new workers to run the trains -Attached a federal mail car to every Pullman Car -Any worker that attempted to disconnect a Pullman car would be stopping the movement of the Federal Mail=Federal Crime -This works!! -Federal troops are sent to run the trains -Workers attempt to stop them=violence -this is put to an end with the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (the strike has hampered interstate trade, the leaders are jailed and the strike ends)

-Nation is still struggling from the Panic of 1873 -Railroad owners cut workers wages for the second time in a short period of time -Union activity increased -Owners introduce the "Blacklist" -Owners then doubled the size of trains but did not increase the amount of workers (Very dangerous) -July 17, 1877: workers at Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O railroad) went on strike! -Other Railroad workers have sympathy strikes-there will be 14 states involved -Began to derail trains and did not allow trains to run -The strike spreads to Maryland, Pennsylvania, Illinois (Chicago and East St. Louis) -Local militia was called in to break the strike -they would not shoot at workers (knew them and actually had sympathy to the workers) -Militia called in from Philadelphia to restore order -10 people are killed in the fight -Crowds took up arms and trapped the militia in a building -Militia shoots its way out! Kill 20 more people -Militia flee the city -President Hayes: Call out federal troops, "need to keep federal mail moving," american troops kill civilians, trains are running again by August -In summary: federal troops used against Unions, actually killing civilians

-set up the American Railway Union (ARU) -allowed any rail workers to join -told Pullman that he should listen to his people's grievances, he didn't want them in the union anyways -Pullman didn't listen to his workers -after Sherman Anti-Trust Act, ____ is jailed when he refuses to end the strike, so the strike collpases with him jailed

-Set up by Eugene V. Debs -Allowed any rail workers to join -People in Pullman begin to join in -Troubles begin -3 workers are fired when they demanded Pullman listen to their grievances (Pullman listens and then has them fired) -Pullman wouldn't even talk to Debs, Debs told him that he really didn't want his people in the union, so all he had to do was listen to them -May 11, 1894: workers go on strike (Pullman Strike) -Pullman fires workers and closes plant, workers try to bargain with Pullman= FAIL -____ urged all its members throughout the nation to not move any train that had Pullman Cars attached -federal government has a plan, adds mail carts to the pullman cars -the ___ is stopped with the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (their leaders are jailed and then the strike collapses)

-Pullman does not listen to his worker's ____ -a cause of distress felt to afford reason of complaint -a formal complaint

an act of voluntarily abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with a person, organization, or country as an expression of protest

refers to a class conflict, or tensions between members of different social classes

-an American financier, banker, philanthropist and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time -after financing the creation of the Federal Steel Company, he merged in 1901 with the Carnegie Steel Company and several other steel and iron businesses to form the United States Steel Corporation

-Rockefeller wants control of the entire industry -Gets railroads to offer him _____ -They cannot charge Rockefeller as much as they are charging other companies

-a derogatory term applied to wealthy and powerful 19th century American businessmen -By the late 1800's, the term was typically applied to businessmen who used what were considered to be exploitative practices to amass their wealth -These practices included exerting control over national resources, accruing high levels of government influence, paying extremely low wages, squashing competition by acquiring competitors in order to create monopolies and eventually raise prices, and schemes to sell stock at inflated prices to unsuspecting investors in a manner which would eventually destroy the company for which the stock was issued and impoverish investors

-We can't build enough! -Nationwide rail system -owners cut workers wages for the second time in a short period of time -Owners doubled the size of trains but did not increase the amount of workers -Very dangerous -Working on the railroad is a highly dangerous occupation

-1863, started by John Rockefeller -Borrowed and bought oil fields -Added pipelines -Created a distribution network -He started to make a ton of money selling oil to the United States government and anyone else who would buy it

-begin working around age 5 -don't make as much money as adults -work the same amount of time as adults -the Knights of Labor demanded an end to ____

-an equitable remedy in the form of a court order that requires a party to do or refrain from doing specific acts -A party that fails to comply with an ____ faces criminal or civil penalties and may have to pay damages or accept sanctions -In some cases, breaches of _____ are considered serious criminal offenses that merit arrest and possible prison sentences. -some reasons for _____: -stalking, domestic violence, harassment, discrimination, bullying, physical or sexual abuse, infringement, etc.

-to join together into one whole (unite) -to make firm or secure (strengthen) -to merge

-contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs -was a co-inventor of the Morse code

an American businessman and financier who, along with other entrepreneurs, created the Atlantic Telegraph Company -and laid the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean in 1858

-invented the first telephone

-AC -developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world: -the phonograph -the motion picture camera -and electric light bulb

-DC -inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, physicist -best known for his contributions to the design of the modern DC electrical supply system

-an American innovator and entrepreneur who founded the Eastman Kodak Company -invented roll film (helping to bring photography to the mainstream) -Roll film was also the basis for the invention of motion picture film

-developed a process to vulcanize rubber -AKA converting rubber or related polymers into more durable materials via the addition of sulfur or other equivalent "curatives" or "accelerators"

-the assembly line -the founder of the Ford Motor Company -he developed and manufactured the first automobile that many middle class Americans could afford to buy (Model T Ford)

-vertical integration, meat -founded a meat-packing empire in the Midwest during the late 19th century -pioneered the use of animal by-products for the manufacture of soap, glue, fertilizer, various types of sundries, and even medical products

-two American brothers, inventors, and aviation pioneers -credited with inventing and building the world's first successful airplane -credited with making the first controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air human flight