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Land Bridge

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In the modern-day Bering Sea, this feature enabled a population shift in which North Asian nomads went to the Americas. It disappeared about 10,000 years ago due to rising sea levels.

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Maize

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Indian corn, cultivated by the Inca, Maya, and Aztec in Peru, Central America, and Mexico respectively.

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Pueblo

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Geographically situated around the Rio Grande river valley. Created sophisticated irrigation systems and buildings (multiple terraced stories).

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Three-Sister Farming

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Beans, corns, and squash. Trellis of cornstalks held bean plants, squash grew on planting mounds to hold the soil's moisture.

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Iroquois Confederacy

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Geographically situated in woodlands of Northeastern United States. Hiawatha formed the confederacy.

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Matrilinear

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Females inherit influence/property. Iroquois and other North American native peoples followed it.

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Land usage

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Native Americans settled more sparsely than Europeans, did less to develop nature, leaving land unused.

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Norse

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From Scandinavia, attempted to settle around 1000 AD. Lacked the organization and national support to establish a lasting settlement.

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Crusades

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Series of European military conquests to Palestine between 11th and 14th centuries. Exposed Europeans to Asian goods, increasing desire for exploration to obtain these goods.

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Marco Polo

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Allegedly visited China in the late 1200s. Helped generate European interest in Asia by telling Europeans about his travels.

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Caravel

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Developed by Portuguese sailors around 1450, this ship could sail against the wind, allowing Europeans to trade with Sub-Saharan Africa.

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Plantation System

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Economic system that used large farms and slave labor to reap a profit, First developed by Portuguese in Africa during the 15th century.

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Renaissance

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Period that introduced: 1. Printing press 2. Mariner's compass 3. Ambitious attitudes towards exploration

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Christopher Columbus

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From Italy, sailed for Spain in 1492. First landed in Bahamas, then Hispaniola. Brought horses, cows, sugar cane, smallpox, malaria,and yellow fever to the New World.

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Columbian Exchange

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In this trade system: New World to Old World: precious metals, syphilis, and several crops Old World to New World: wheat, rice, livestock, several diseases Africa supplied slave labor.

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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Signed in 1494, involving Spain and Portugal - staked out claims in New World. Spain got the most land.

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Vasco Balboa

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Explored Panama and the Pacific Ocean in 1513.

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Ferdinand Magellan

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Circumnavigated the Earth in 1519.

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Ponce de Leon

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Explored Florida in 1513 and 1521.

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Francisco Coronado

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Traveled into North America from 1540 to 1542, discovering the Grand Canyon.

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Hernando de Soto

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Explored around the Mississippi River from 1539 to 1542.

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Francisco Pizarro

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Conquered Inca and their gold fro 1531 to 1533.

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Hernan Cortes

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Defeated Aztecs and took control of Mexico in 1519.

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Encomienda

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Spanish monarch gave Spanish individuals pieces of land and native labor, requiring the individuals to convert the natives to Christianity.

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John Cabot

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From Italy, sailed for England in 1497-1498, exploring the North Atlantic seaboard of North America.

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Jacques Cartier

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Sailing for France in 1534, he went hundreds of miles up the Saint Lawrence River.

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Pope's Rebellion

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Pueblo uprising against Spanish that occurred in New Mexico in 1680 caused by religious supression.

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Black Legend

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The notion that Spanish exclusively harmed natives by bringing diseases and plundering treasures.

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Sea Dogs

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Pirates who attacked Spanish ships - commissioned by Queen Elizabeth. Francis Drake was the most famous.

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Walter Raleigh

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Formed Roanoke colony in 1585, which mysteriously disappeared not long after.

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Spanish Armada

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Philip I ordered this fleet to set sail to attack England in 1588. England soundly defeated Spain, signaling the beginning of a decline of the once mighty Spanish Empire.

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Enclosure Movement

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When landlords pushed small tenants off their land, many English farmers chose to migrate to the New World.

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Primogeniture

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Law that stated that oldest sons inherited their parent's property. This encouraged younger sons to look to the New World for success.

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Joint Stock Companies

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Type of company in which investors invested to fund operations. Helped bankroll enterprises seeking profit in the New World.

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Jamestown

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Founded in 1607 along the James River in Virginia. Faced sickness and insufficient food early on.

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John Smith

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Forced all Jamestown colonists to work for the colony's well-being.

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Anglo-Powhatan War

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(Virginia) Caused by English raids of Powhatan food stores, bad relations. English used "Irish tactics", ending with a peace treaty in 1614.

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Three D's

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Disease - Powhatan were not immune to smallpox and measles, many deaths. Disorganization - Powhatan's Confederacy was loose. Disposability - Powhatan had little use to English.

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Firearms

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Indians traded furs and skins, leading to conflict between tribes for the best areas to hunt and trap.

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John Rolfe

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Introduced tobacco to Virginia. Tobacco grown on large plantations and then exported to England was an economic engine for Jamestown.

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First Slaves

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Were brought to Jamestown in 1619 by a Dutch ship. 300 in Virginia by 1650.

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House of Burgesses

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A miniature parliament for Virginia established in 1619, creating a precedent of self-governance. The colony fell under royal control in 1624 when the Virginia company dissolved.

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Lord Baltimore

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Formed Maryland in 1634 to avoid religious persecution against Catholics in England.

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Act of Toleration

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Enacted in 1649 in Maryland, granting religious freedom to all Christians (but not non-Christians).

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West Indies

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Jamaica and other islands were the major commercial centers, and sugar was the main product. Its cultivation required land clearing and refining of raw crop.

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Carolinas

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Established in 1670. Main industries were rice and slaves.

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Georgia

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Cushioned the more desirable colonies to its North from French and Spanish claims to its South and West. James Oglethorpe was proprietor - he aimed to improve debtor's prison conditions. It could not form a plantation-based economy due to a lack of slaves, Spanish adversaries, and bad weather.

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Martin Luther

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Opposed corruption and dogma of the Catholic church, instead calling for faithful to interpret the Bible themselves. Started the Protestant Reformation in 1517.

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Institutes of the Christian Religion

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Written by John Calvin. Core belief was that the "elect" were predestined for heaven, but should still live pious lives.

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Puritans

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Reacting to the Protestant Reformation in England and a bad economy. Wanted Catholic rituals and symbols eliminated from the Church of England. Separatists wanted to separate completely from the Church of England.

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Dutchification

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Assimilation into Dutch language and culture. Affected children of the Pilgrims during the 12 years they spent in Holland.

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Mayflower

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Set sail from Holland in 1620 with 102 people, under half of whom were separatists. Landed in New England, ultimately choosing Plymouth (had planned on Virginia).

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Mayflower Compact

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Was an agreement for basic government and a precursor to future constitutions. Was not a comprehensive constitution.

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

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Founded in 1629 by Massachusetts Bay Company. More religiously moderate than Plymouth Colony (fewer Separatists).

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"City Upon a Hill"

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Phrase coined by John Winthrop. Meant that the Massachusetts Bay Colony should be a model to the rest of humanity.

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Government in Massachusetts Bay

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At the provincial level, all male members of Puritan churches could participate in government. At the town level, merely holding property was sufficient to vote.

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Separation of Church and State

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Not separate in that only puritans could vote at the provincial level, religion heavily influenced the law, and the church received taxpayer support. Separate in that members of clergy could not hold official government positions.

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Anne Hutchinson

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Preached that those predestined for heaven need not worry about religious or legal codes (antinomianism). In trial, claimed to have been visited by God. She fled to New York and was killed by Indians.

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Roger Williams

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Challenged the MassBay authorities on three issues: 1. Advocated for complete separation from the Church of England. 2. Questioned colony for failing to pay Indians for their land. 3. Argued that government should not enforce religious law.

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Rhode Island

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Roger Williams founded it in 1636. Unlike Mass Bay, RI had near complete religious freedom, and far broader access to voting rights.

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Hartford

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Thomas Hooker formed it in 1635. The Fundamental Orders, which called for a relatively democratic society, were implemented there.

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New Hampshire

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Acquired in a land grab by MassBay in 1641. The king separated NH from MassBay in 1679 to oppose this greedy move.

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Massasoit

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Agreed to a treaty with the Pilgrims of Plymouth in 1621, leading to the first Thanksgiving.

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Pequot War

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1637 in Southern New England. Two sides were English and Pequot Native Americans. Lead to destruction of the Pequot tribe and temporary calming of tensions.

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Praying Towns

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Towns estalblished after the Pequot War. Meant to assimilate Native Americans into English religion and culture.

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Metacom

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Son of Massasoit. English gave him the name King Philip. In his war, the Native Americans destroyed 12 Puritan towns. In the end, the English definitively won and killed Metacom, wiping out Native Americans in New England.

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New England Confederation

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Formed in 1643 to defend against threats with the absence of English help. Included MassBay, Plymouth, New Haven, and CT Valley colonies. Symbolic of colonial unity and self-governance.

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Dominion of New England

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Created in 1686 by Great Britain. At first, included all of New England, later added NY/NJ. Aimed to enforce navigation and trade laws more strictly. Governor was Edmund Andros, who removed many aspects of self-governance.

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Glorious Revolution

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Took place in England in 1688-1689. Protestants overthrew Catholic James II. Lead to overthrow of Edmund Andros and a policy of "salutary neglect".

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Henry Hudson

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Sailed in 1609 for the might Dutch East India Company. Claimed New Amsterdam and New Netherlands for the Dutch.

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New Sweden

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On Delaware River from 1638 to 1655. Fell to the Dutch and Peter Stuyvesant.

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1664

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New Amsterdam becomes New York after English attackers arrive at a defenseless New Amsterdam.

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Quakers

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"Quaked" under spiritual influence, also known as "Religious Society of Friends". Believed in equality and piece, defying English customs by not paying clergy or taxes to Anglican Church.

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William Penn

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Colonized Pennsylvania in 1681. Sent brochures throughout Europe to attract colonists, giving land and freedom to settlers. He treated Native Americans peacefully and respectfully, was democratic, and relatively religiously tolerant.

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Middle Colonies

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Included New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Similar in that they had good soil, lots of grain crops, useful rivers, mid-size plots of land, were religiously and ethnically diverse, and relatively democratic. New York, however, was more aristocratic than the others.

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Indentured Servitude

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Demand for labor outstripped supply, lots of poor farmers in England. Indentured servants gave a period of time (often 7 years) of free labor to masters in exchange for travel across the ocean and small "freedom dues".

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Headright System

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50 acres went to the person who paid for a laborer's passage to Maryland or Virginia. Helped masters the most, because they got the land.

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Bacon's Rebellion

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1676 in Virginia. Causes: frustrated poor labors who disliked soft policy towards native people. After causing tumult, Nathaniel Bacon died of disease and the rebellion was put out. Enflamed tensions, helping motivate the transition to African slaves.

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Middle Passage

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Ocean voyage across Atlantic on crowded slave ships that African slaves took (20% death rate). Stood in the middle between movement in Africa and America.

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Slave Revolts

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One in NYC in 1712, another in South Carolina in 1739. Both examples were violently crushed.

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FFV's

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First Families of Virginia - established before 1690.. Controlled Virginia economy and government, including 70% of the House of Burgesses in 1770s. Often had huge plantations.

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Virginia vs. New England

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Longer life expectancies in New England (70 years), fewer dangerous subtropical diseases. More intact families and higher reproduction rates in New England than in the Chesapeake.

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Women's Rights in New England

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Widows had right to property, married women did not. Women could not vote, and only limited protections against domestic violence existed.

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New England Towns

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Chartered and established by proprietors. Meeting house and town green. Every family had lots for wood, crops, and pasture. Larger towns had schools - literacy rates hovered around 50%. Town meeting - every man had a vote - ran town's affairs.

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Halfway Covenant

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Deal between churches and people to require baptism but not communion for the children of members. Introduced in 1662 to encourage Congregational Church membership. Allows all of society's membership into churches - less emphasis on being a member of the "elect".

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Salem Witch Trials

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Occurred in 1692. Caused by superstition, a rift between pious farmers and industrial townspeople. Ended by governor after his own wife was accused.

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New England Geography

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Hard to establish plantations because of rocky soil and a harsh climate. Instead, timber, shipping, and fishing were key industries.

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Land Ownership

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Native Americans worked to improve the land for all by blazing trails and clearing brush. However, they did not believe that any individual or family owned it. English did, and established permanent settlements based on land ownership.

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Frontier life

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Women's roles were household duties such as cooking, cleaning, and childcare. Men's roles included farm labor Frontier life fostered equality; city life did not.

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Demographics

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Ethnically diverse, but not racially diverse. 49% English, 15% other British Isles, 7% German, 3% Dutch, and 19% African.

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Economics

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South - tobacco, indigo, rice, occasional wheat Middle colonies - grains were major exports (in 1759, NY state exported 80,000 barrels of flour) New England - fishing, shipbuilding, trading, lumber, and rum

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First Great Awakening

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Spiritual movement of the 1730s and 1740s. Began because of long-winded and overly intellectual preachers lecturing reluctant churchgoers.

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Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

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Jonathan Edward's sermon. Brought faith back to Calvinist roots, salvation could be achieved only through the grace of God, not good works.

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