APUSH Chapter 39 and 40 – Flashcards
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1. One reason for the end of the postwar economic boom in the 1970s was a. the entry of large numbers of women in the work force. b. the Arab oil embargo. c. a decline in technological innovation. d. a lack of government safety and health regulations. e. a drastic decline in worker productivity.
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e
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2. Lyndon Johnson's insistence on fighting the Vietnam War and finding the Great Society with a tax increase to pay for them led to a. a drastic inflation of prices in the 1970s. b. a decline in the competitive advantage of American business. c. severe cutbacks in the size of the federal government. d. a taxpayer revolt. e. a growing reliance on overseas trade to sustain the American economy.
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a
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3. The poor economic performance of the 1970s brought an abrupt end to a. American reliance on Middle Eastern oil. b. the Social Security and Medicare programs for the elderly. c. the increases in military spending of the 1960s. d. the liberal dream that affluent American could spend its way to social justice. e. reliance on the dollar as a stable international currency.
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d
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4. The Nixon Doctrine proclaimed that the United States would a. honor its existing defense commitment, but that in the future its allies would have to fight their own wars without large numbers of American troops. b. supply only economic aid to its allies. c. seek detente with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. d. intervene to help its allies fight communism only if the United States was allowed to send American troops. e. maintain naval and air bases in East Asia but not put troops on the Asian mainland.
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a
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5. Perhaps Richard Nixon's most valuable asset as he began his presidency in 1969 was his a. naturally conciliatory manner. b. inclination to try to work openly with antiwar liberals to halt the Vietnam War. c. close connection with former President Eisenhower. d. clear mandate from the public as a result of his 1968 election victory. e. expertise in foreign affairs.
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e
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6. President Nixon's policy of "Vietnamization" of the war in Vietnam called for a. a gradual handover of the ground war to the South Vietnamese. b. a full-scale conventional invasion of North Vietnam. c. reorganization of the American army in Vietnam into anti-guerrilla units. d. an end to all American military and economic aid to South Vietnam. e. a de-emphasis on military assaults in favor of Vietnamese social reform.
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a
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7. Richard Nixon's Vietnam policy included all of the following except a. Vietnamization. b. extension of the war to Cambodia. c. massive bombing campaigns in Vietnam. d. increased American troop commitments. e. creating a draft lottery and reducing draft calls.
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d
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8. The American armed forces in Vietnam were composed largely of a. marines. b. African Americans. c. soldiers in their middle and late twenties. d. the least privileged young Americans. e. professional career soldiers.
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d
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9. The __________ Amendment __________ the voting age to __________. a. Twenty-sixth; raised; twenty-one b. Twenty-fourth; lowered; eighteen c. Twenty-fifth; raised; nineteen d. Twenty-sixth; lowered; eighteen e. Twenty-sixth; lowered; sixteen
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d
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10. The top secret "Pentagon Papers," leaked and published in 1971, a. revealed President Nixon's role in the Watergate scandal. b. documented the North Vietnamese attack in the Gulf of Tonkin. c. exposed President Nixon's secret bombing war of Cambodia. d. was the first the American public knew of the Nixon Doctrine. e. exposed the deception that had led the United States into the Vietnam War.
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e
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11. President Nixon's chief foreign-policy adviser was a. Henry Kissinger. b. John Dean III. c. Spiro Agnew. d. Cyrus Vance. e. Donald Rumsfeld.
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a
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12. Richard Nixon's policy of détente a. was designed to improve relations between the Soviet Union and China. b. was aimed at ending the division of Germany and Korea. c. was a failure. d. found support in the Democratic party but not the Republican party. e. ushered in an era of relaxed tensions between the United States and the two leading communist powers, China and the Soviet Union.
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e
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13. The Nixon administration still reflected a staunch anticommunist policy when it worked to undermine and overthrow the leftist government of a. Cuba. b. Mexico. c. China. d. Chile. e. Sweden.
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d
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14. In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court upheld a married couple's right to use contraceptives based on a. the "necessary and proper" clause of the Constitution. b. the First Amendment. c. a "right to privacy." d. Roe v. Wade. e. the Fifth Amendment.
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c
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15. The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren outraged religious conservatives in 1962-63 when it a. declared a woman's right to an abortion. b. ruled that prayer and Bible reading in public schools violated the First Amendment. c. prohibited the display of religious symbols in government buildings. d. ruled that parochial students could not ride on public school buses. e. declared that the practice of having Congressional chaplains was unconstitutional.
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b
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16. When it came to welfare programs, Richard Nixon a. sought to exclude African Americans. b. tried to repeal only food stamps and Medicaid. c. did little to reduce the poverty rate. d. did his best to do away with Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs. e. supported significant expansion in many areas.
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e
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17. Richard Nixon's Philadelphia Plan a. was a direct attack on affirmative action. b. aimed at giving direct economic assistance to business. c. attempted to counter the Supreme Court's opposition to affirmative action. d. required construction trade unions to establish timetables and goals for hiring black apprentices. e. aimed to renovate inner cities like those in Philadelphia.
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d
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18. The difference between Lyndon Johnson's affirmative action programs and those of Richard Nixon was a. very small. b. that Johnson intended his to help groups and Nixon intended his to help individuals. c. that Nixon's actions applied only to educational opportunities and did nothing for employment, while Johnson's helped both. d. that Johnson intended to help individuals, but Nixon conferred privileges on groups. e. that Johnson established quotas and Nixon ended them.
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d
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19. All of the following were created during Richard Nixon's presidency except a. the Environmental Protection Agency. b. Supplemental Security Income for the blind, disabled, and indigent aged. c. the Endangered Species Act. d. the Occupational Health and Safety Administration. e. the Medicare program.
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e
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20. To control creeping inflation in the early 1970s, President Richard Nixon a. imposed a ninety-day wage and price freeze. b. put the United States back on the gold standard. c. sought a system of international currency stabilization. d. lowered Social Security payments. e. pressured the Federal Reserve Board to raise interest rates.
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a
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21. Richard Nixon's "southern strategy" included the policy of a. completely overhauling the welfare system. b. ending the Vietnam War. c. moving nearly all military bases to the southern states. d. appointing only southerners to the Supreme Court. e. soft-pedaling civil rights and opposing school busing to achieve racial balance.
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e
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22. George McGovern, the Democratic nominee for the presidency in 1972, alienated the traditional working-class backbone of the Democratic party a. by advocating a cut in Social Security. b. when he advocated an end to the Vietnam War. c. when it was discovered that he had undergone psychiatric care. d. by appealing to racial minorities, feminists, and youth. e. by opposing the power of labor unions.
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d
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23. As a presidential candidate, South Dakota Senator George McGovern appealed most strongly to the a. antiwar movement. b. working class. c. South. d. religious conservatives. e. Midwest.
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a
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24. The shaky agreement that brought an end to American fighting in Vietnam in January 1973 represented a. a thinly disguised American retreat. b. an end to warfare in Vietnam. c. the establishment of a unified, neutral Vietnam. d. the achievement of the essential American goals in the war. e. a vote of confidence in the South Vietnamese government's ability to defeat the communists.
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a
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25. As part of the cease-fire agreement in Vietnam in 1973, a. the United States ended the bombing of Cambodia. b. the United States stopped all economic and military aid to South Vietnam. c. North Vietnam withdrew all its troops from South Vietnam. d. the Viet Cong joined a coalition government in South Vietnam. e. the United States withdrew all its troops from Vietnam.
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e
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26. In 1973 the American public was shocked to learn that a. some American soldiers had committed massacres in Vietnam. b. the Vietnamese peace agreement would not last. c. the U.S. Air Force had been secretly bombing Cambodia since 1973. d. President Nixon had prepared plans to invade North Vietnam. e. the United States was threatening to use nuclear weapons in Vietnam and Cambodia.
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c
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27. In response to Congress's attempt to stop him from continuing the bombing of Cambodia, President Nixon a. began using secret agents to intimidate members of Congress. b. gradually reduced the number of bombing raids. c. shifted the bombing campaign to Laos. d. declared that he was stopping the bombing but continued the campaign secretly. e. repeatedly vetoed Congress's bills to halt the attacks.
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e
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28. The 1973 War Powers Act a. gave the president the power to commit troops without declaring war. b. compelled President Nixon to end the secret bombing war in Cambodia. c. required the president to report to Congress any commitment of American troops. d. ended the military draft and created an all-volunteer army. e. required Congress to approve funds for military operations.
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c
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29. As a result of Richard Nixon's aerial bombing of neutral Cambodia in 1973, a. Congress revoked the War Powers Act. b. he was impeached. c. the Cambodian economy was ruined and its politics revolutionized. d. strong congressional reaction forced Nixon to withdraw all remaining American combat troops. e. the Cambodians and North Vietnamese were forced to seek peace.
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c
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30. As a result of U.S. support for Israel in 1973 when it was attacked by Egypt and Syria, a. Israel took control of Syria. b. America had to reduce its aid to other nations. c. Arab nations placed an embargo on oil to America. d. the Soviet Union started sending arms to Syria. e. Israel was able to seize the Suez Canal.
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c
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31. The list of Nixon illegal administration activities uncovered in the Watergate scandal included all of the following except a. breaking into the Democratic party headquarters in order to "bug" them. b. paying Supreme Court justices to write favorable opinions. c. using the internal Revenue Service to harass its "enemies." d. forging documents to discredit Democrats. e. using the FBI and CIA to cover up previous crimes.
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b
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32. Richard Nixon tried to resist giving his taped conversations to the special prosecutor and the Congress by claiming that a. portions of the tape were erased. b. they were his private property. c. he had executive privilege (confidentiality). d. they were inaudible. e. it would violate his right to privacy.
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c
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33. The most controversial action of Gerald Ford's presidency was a. signing the Helsinki accords with the Soviet Union. b. frantically evacuating the last Americans and Vietnamese by helicopter during the fall of South Vietnam to the Communists. c. arranging the deal whereby Nixon resigned the president. d. pardoning Nixon for any known or unknown crimes he had committed while president. e. pardoning Vietnam War draft resisters and evaders.
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d
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34. The Helsinki accords, signed by Gerald Ford and leaders of thirty-four other nations, a. pledged signatories to guarantee certain basic human rights. b. rejected the Soviet-directed boundary of Poland. c. proved to many Americans that détente was still a two-way street. d. was condemned by West Germany as meaningless. e. accepted Soviet control of Eastern Europe.
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a
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35. The people of the United States had provided just about everything for South Vietnam except a. the most sophisticated aircraft. b. hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops. c. enough time to win. d. enough money to build its own military. e. the will to win the war.
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e
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36. When the North Vietnamese launched their full invasion of South Vietnam in 1975 a. the United States provided even more military aid to South Vietnam. b. the Chinese intervened to seek a neutral settlement. c. the United States renewed bombing against North Vietnam. d. all the South Vietnamese who supported the U.S. were trapped inside the country. e. the South Vietnamese government quickly collapsed.
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e
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37. While many of the social movements born in the 1960s declined or disappeared, the one that remained strong and even gathered momentum in the 1970s was a. the counterculture movement. b. the peace movement. c. the feminist movement. d. the civil rights movement. e. the antipoverty movement.
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c
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38. Title IX was passed by Congress in 1972 to a. prohibit sex discrimination in any federally funded education program or activity. b. guarantee women equal pay for equal work. c. prohibit any form of sexual harassment or sexual innuendoes on the job. d. establish quotas for women in sports, business, and government positions. e. protect women's access to birth control and abortion.
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a
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39. The proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), passed by Congress in 1972 and eventually ratified by 35 states, stated the following: a. "Congress shall pass no law restricting the equal right of privacy in marital relations or reproduction." b. "The equal rights of unborn citizens of the United States under the Fourteenth Amendment shall not be abridged." c. "Equal access to the courts of the United States and any state shall not be abridged on account of race, gender, or physical handicap." d. "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on the basis of sex." e. "Nothing in this Constitution shall be construed by the courts or any state to prohibit the guarantee of equal pay for equal work to women."
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d
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40. The Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade declared state laws prohibiting abortion were unconstitutional because they a. violated the First Amendment by using a religious definition of "person." b. violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by placing a particular burden on women not placed on men. c. wrote into law a particular philosophical and scientific view of human life that imposed unfair treatment on those who disagreed. d. violated the Fifth Amendment by interfering with doctors' professional medical practices. e. violated a woman's constitutional right to privacy in her own person.
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e
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41. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) failed to be ratified by the needed 38 states largely because a. the Catholic Church opposed it. b. many Americans realized that its goals had already been achieved without amending the Constitution. c. an antifeminist backlash led by Phyllis Schlafly stirred sufficient opposition to stop it. d. many suspected that it would require such things as rigid quotas and unisex bathrooms. e. many Americans believed that equal gender treatment was a matter of changing attitudes, not creating laws.
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c
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42. The most explosive domestic controversy of the 1970s centered around issues of a. race. b. labor. c. the environment. d. education. e. immigration.
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a
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43. The effect of the Supreme Court ruling in Milliken v. Bradley, which held that integration did not have to take place across school district lines, was to a. encourage voluntary busing programs. b. cause Congress to pass laws equalizing school funding in different districts. c. turn public attention to eliminating segregated housing patterns. d. reinforce the division between poorer, minority inner city schools and nearly all white suburbs. e. end school busing programs in favor of the neighborhood school.
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d
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44. The supreme Court in the Bakke case held that a. all forms of affirmative action in college admissions were unconstitutional. b. "reverse discrimination" was just as wrong as antiblack discrimination. c. public universities could impose racial quotas but private universities did not have to do so. d. it was acceptable for universities to establish minority-based programs and housing arrangements. e. racial quotas were unconstitutional but race could be taken into account as one factor in college admissions.
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e
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45. American Indian activists brought attention to their cause in the 1970s by seizing a. the Little Big Horn battleground and Mount Rushmore in the sacred Black Hills. b. Alcatraz Island and Wounded Knee, South Dakota. c. the major tribal headquarters throughout Oklahoma. d. salmon fishing grounds in Washington and trout streams in Wisconsin and Minnesota. e. the Tippecanoe battlefield and Mesa Verde National Park.
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b
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46. The "first wave" of feminism grew out of the __________ movement, and the "second wave" of feminism grew out of the ___________ movement. a. abolitionist; civil rights b. prohibition; black power. c. peace; environmental d. progressive; antiwar. e. evangelical revival; gay.
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a
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47. On which of the following issues did nearly all "second wave" feminists agree? a. marriage b. how much to expect from the government, capitalism, and men c. pornography d. abortion rights e. maternity leaves and special protections for women in the workplace
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d
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48. The opposing major party candidates in the bicentennial presidential campaign of 1976 were a. Nelson Rockefeller and Edward Kennedy. b. Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter. c. Ronald Reagan and Jimmy Carter. d. Gerald Ford and Eugene McCarthy. e. Richard Nixon and George McGovern.
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b
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49. James Earl (Jimmy) Carter enjoyed considerable popularity when he won the presidency because a. his emphasis on honesty contrasted with the corruptions of Watergate. b. he was widely known as skilled in dealing with Congress and Washington. c. he brought in a team of highly respected and experienced cabinet members and advisers. d. he was a born-again Southern Baptist. e. he had a clear plan to solve the energy crisis.
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a
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50. The guiding principle of President Carter's foreign policy was a. isolationism. b. containment. c. détente. d. unilateralism. e. human rights.
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e
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51. President Jimmy Carter's most spectacular foreign-policy achievement was the a. Panama Canal Treaty. b. Helsinki accords. c. Camp David agreement between Israel and Egypt. d. SALT II Treaty. e. Iran hostage release.
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c
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52. President Carter believed that the fundamental problem of the American economy in the late 1970s was a. the absence of price controls on domestic oil production. b. U.S. dependence on foreign oil. c. the high import fees on foreign oil. d. the exhaustion of domestic oil supplies. e. the loss of a manufacturing base.
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b
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53. The first major trouble to afflict President Carter's foreign policy was a. the Panamanian seizure of the Panama Canal. b. the collapse of the Camp David accords between Israel and Egypt. c. the ominous reheating of the Cold War with the Soviet Union. d. the taking of American hostages in Lebanon. e. the threatened Chinese invasion of Taiwan.
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c
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54. The "oil shocks" of the 1970s brought home to Americans the stunning fact that a. the private automobile was not sustainable as the major mode of transportation. b. they would have to invest in new forms of energy. c. the United States had run completely out of oil d. the United States would have to become militarily engaged in the Middle East conflicts. e. their economy was increasingly dependent on foreign trade and the global economy.
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e
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55. The SALT II Treaty between the Soviet Union and the United States died in the Senate when the Soviets a. refused to sign the Helsinki accords. b. cracked down on Soviet dissidents. c. halted the immigration of Soviet Jews to Israel. d. helped Muslim fundamentalists to overthrow the shah of Iran. e. invaded Afghanistan.
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e
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56. The most humiliating failure during the Iran hostage crisis came when a. the Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah. b. America's allies approved the hostage takeover. c. President Carter's attempted rescue mission ended in disaster. d. some of the hostages took the side of their Iranian captors. e. the Iranians demonstrated their control of American oil supplies.
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c
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57. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) Arab oil embargo, (B) Iranian hostage crisis, (C) fall of Saigon, (D) invasion of Afghanistan. a. B, A, C, D b. A, C, B, D c. D, B, A, C d. C, B, D, A e. D, A, C, B
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b
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1. In the 1980 national elections, a. Edward Kennedy challenged incumbent President Carter for the nomination of the Democratic party. b. although Ronald Reagan won the presidency, both houses of Congress still had Democratic party majorities. c. third-party candidate John Anderson won three states and seventeen Electoral College votes. d. Ronald Reagan won the presidency by the closest margin since the Kennedy-Nixon election of 1960. e. Reagan led Republicans to majorities in both houses of Congress.
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a
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2. Liberal Democrats complained that Jimmy Carter a. had failed to control inflation. b. negotiated the Panama Canal Treaty. c. had not aggressively pursued civil rights. d. failed to rescue the hostages in Iran. e. had removed regulatory controls from major industries.
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e
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3. Edward Kennedy's campaign to take the presidential nomination away from Jimmy Carter in 1980 was handicapped by a. his poor performance as a senator. b. a growing dislike for the Kennedys. c. Carter's popularity. d. lingering suspicions about his involvement in an automobile accident in which a young woman was killed. e. his inability to reach beyond New England.
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d
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4. The "new right" movement that helped to elect Ronald Reagan was spearheaded by a. fiscal conservatives. b. evangelical Christians. c. gold-standard advocates. d. midwesterners. e. neoconservatives.
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b
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5. Many "new right" activists were most concerned about a. cultural and social issues. b. economic questions. c. foreign policy. d. Medicare and Medicaid programs. e. separation of church and state.
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a
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6. Which of the these social issues was not a primary concern for the new right? a. birth control b. pornography c. homosexuality d. abortion e. affirmative action
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a
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7. The neoconservatives of the 1980s believed in all of the following except a. free-market capitalism. b. detente with the Soviet Union. c. a return to traditional values of individualism and the centrality of the family. d. fewer government restraints on the economy. e. strengthening the white working class.
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b
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8. Ronald Reagan was similar to Franklin D. Roosevelt in that both men a. disliked big business. b. championed the "common man" against vast, impersonal menaces. c. were raised in wealthy families. d. favored social engineering by the government. e. had run for vice president before being elected president.
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b
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9. Ronald Reagan differed from Franklin D. Roosevelt in that Roosevelt a. saw big government as the foe of the common man, while Reagan named big business as the foe. b. appealed to the working class, while Reagan appealed only to the rich. c. advocated a "populist" political philosophy, while Reagan did not. d. branded big business as the enemy of the common man, while Reagan depicted big government as the foe. e. made effective use of the media to promote his message.
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d
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10. Ronald Reagan began to abandon his liberal New Deal political philosophy and to espouse a conservative, antigovernment line a. after being elected governor of California. b. during World War II. c. when he discovered communist infiltration in Hollywood. d. when he became a wealthy movie star. e. when he became a spokesman for General Electric.
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e
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11. The strong "tax revolt" against extensive government programs and spending was spurred by the passage of Proposition 13 in __________. a. Arizona. b. Wisconsin. c. New Hampshire. d. California. e. Oregon.
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d
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12. Despite his failure in the White House, President Jimmy Carter earned widespread admiration in his post-presidential years for his a. foreign policy speeches. b. political influence in the Democratic party. c. humanitarian and human rights activities. d. advocacy of women's rights. e. discovery of hundreds of new uses for peanuts.
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c
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13. Ronald Reagan's essential domestic goal as president was to a. cutback on military expenditures. b. remove government interference in people's private lives in such areas as abortion and pornography. c. dismantle the welfare state and shrink the size of the federal government. d. transfer welfare programs to the states. e. reform public education.
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c
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14. Conservative Democrats who helped Ronald Reagan to pass his budget and tax-cutting legislation were called a. blue dogs. b. sagebrush rebels. c. scalawags. d. neoconservatives. e. boll weevils.
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e
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15. Besides cutting the federal budget, Reagan's other main domestic initiative when he took office was a. developing new programs to aid business. b. expand federally funded social programs. c. cut taxes by about 25 percent. d. privatize the Social Security system. e. eliminate government regulation of food and drugs.
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c
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16. Ronald Reagan's "supply side" economic advisers assured him that the combination of budgetary discipline and tax reduction would do all of the following except a. stimulate new investment. b. produce a recession-proof economy. c. boost productivity. d. foster dramatic economic growth. e. balance the budget.
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b
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17. The first results of Reagan's supply-side economics in 1982 was a. a sharp recession and rise in unemployment. b. a reduced federal deficit. c. an expansion of international trade. d. an economic boom. e. a wave of new business investment.
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a
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18. The term "yuppies" was slang applied to a. the animal-rights movement. b. people who maintained homes on both the east and west coasts. c. high-living young people who practiced "conspicuous consumption." d. young people who volunteered for service in the inner city. e. hippies of the 1960s.
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d
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19. In the 1980s, for the first time in the twentieth century, a. income gaps widened between the richest and the poorest Americans. b. middle-class incomes rose. c. the poor made economic gains. d. the economy was uniformly healthy. e. the majority of Americans were middle class.
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a
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20. One consequence of the record-high deficits and high interest rates of the 19805 was a. lower energy costs. b. growing productivity in manufacturing. c. a soaring value for the dollar. d. a general demand to raise taxes. e. new capital investment.
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c
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21. To President Reagan, "the focus of evil in the modem world." was a. anti-American terrorists. b. the federal bureaucracy. c. political liberalism. d. the Soviet Union. e. the Ayatollah Khomeini.
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d
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22. The first woman to receive the vice-presidential nomination of a major political party was a. Elizabeth Dole. b. Sandra Day O'Connor. c. Jeanne Kirkpatrick. d. Geraldine Ferraro. e. Janet Reno.
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d
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23. For the Soviet Union's new policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) to work, it was essential that the a. Soviets keep control of Eastern Europe. b. communist party engage in democratic competition. c. Middle East oilfields to be controlled by Soviet allies. d. United States send aid to Russia. e. Cold War end.
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e
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24. The Iran-contra investigations revealed Ronald Reagan as a president who a. was an intellectual giant. b. napped through cabinet meetings. c. was losing his popularity. d. paid too much attention to detail. e. planned elaborate foreign policy moves.
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b
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25. One of the greatest consequences of Reagan's expansion of the federal debt was a. to make it harder to get private loans. b. to make foreigners reluctant to accept American bonds. c. to make new social spending practically and politically impossible. d. to undermine the value of the dollar overseas. e. to make further military spending impossible.
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c
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26. In 1986 Congress passed legislation mandating a. an end to the Grenada invasion. b. a reform of Social Security. c. an end to affirmative action. d. more spending for the military. e. a balanced budget by 1991.
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e
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27. Ronald Reagan's highest political objective as president was a. arms reduction. b. a balanced budget. c. the containment and then shrinkage of the welfare state. d. the appointment of a conservative judiciary. e. undermining liberal ideology.
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c
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28. The "new right" developed many of its tactical approaches by imitating the methods of a. the prophets in the Bible. b. the New Left. c. Corporate advertising d. underground guerillas. e. political machines.
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b
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29. In the cases of Webster v. Reproductive Health Services and Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the Supreme Court a. severely restricted abortion to the first two months of Pregnancy. b. permitted states to put some restrictions on abortion while fundamentally upholding the abortion rights decision of Roe v. Wade. c. overturned Roe v. Wade d. declared that the issue of legalized abortion should be completely determined by the states. e. galvanized anti-abortion forces into a new militancy.
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b
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30. The Democrats' hopes for the 1988 election rose sharply because of major scandals in the Reagan administration involving a. bribes involving business deals in the Soviet Union. b. election fraud. c. the Iran-Contra affair and savings-and-loan banks. d. kickbacks for oil leases on federal lands. e. payoffs for U.S. hostages and campaign contributions from foreign corporations.
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c
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31. "Solidarity" was a. the nickname for southern Democrats who supported Reagan. b. a massive working-class labor union of Polish dissidents. c the mutual pledge by the United States and European nations to resist any Soviet efforts to divide their alliance. d. the slogan of the Moral Majority. e. the slogan of the revived U.S. labor movement.
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b
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32. As one consequence of the demise of the Soviet Union, a. religious rivalries in Russia ended. b. Solidarity rose in Poland. c. the entire European continent became more stable. d. long-suppressed ethnic hatreds flared in the former Soviet republics. e. the rivalry between Russia and China ended.
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d
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33. All of the following issues or developments in the 1992 political campaign revealed popular disgust with incumbents except a. the intractable budgetary crisis. b. the stagnant economy. c. the debate over "family values." d. the revelation that many House members had written bad checks from their accounts in a private House "bank": e. Ross Perot's winning of nearly 20% of the vote.
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c
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34. Modem conservatism springs from a. a repudiation of government. b. a disapproval of priorities and strategies from the New Deal. c. a disapproval of priorities and strategies from the Great Society. d. a dislike of technology. e. all of the above.
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c
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35. Which of the following was not among the ways that the "New Right" of the 1980s imitated the tactics and approaches of the "New Left" of the 1960s? a. "making the personal political" b. practicing "identity politics" c. seizing control of colleges and universities d. using small group sessions to "raise consciousness" e. engaging in tactics of street protest and civil disobedience
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c
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36. The Supreme Court cases of Webster v. Reproductive Health Services and Planned Parenthood v. Casey a. in effect overturned the Roe v. Wade abortion decision. b. prohibited abortion in cases of rape or incest. c. strongly affirmed a woman's right to have an abortion. d. permitted states to place some restrictions on abortion. e. permitted abortion opponents to engage in "sidewalk counseling" and other tactics near abortion clinics.
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d
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37. Among the Democrats whom Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis defeated for the party's nomination to run against George Bush in 1988 were a. Edward Kennedy and Jimmy Carter. b. Walter Mondale and Geraldine Ferraro. c. Gary Hart and Jesse Jackson. d. Bill Clinton and Albert Gore. e. Paul Simon and Lloyd Bentsen.
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c
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38. In response to the collapse of the Soviet Union, President George Bush called for a "new world order" where a. Russia would join the democratic West in containing communist China. b. the United States would serve as policeman for the world. c. the United Nations would assert sovereignty over the rival nation-states. d. global capitalism would supersede all regional and local economies. e. democracy would reign supreme and diplomacy would replace weaponry.
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e
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39. The United States joined its allies in the Persian Gulf War in order to a. regain control of the Middle East oil supply. b. roll back Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. c. demonstrate that the U.S. military could conduct a major ground war thousands of miles from its home bases. d. support Israel against the growing threat from the Arab states. e. guarantee a permanent U.S. naval presence in the Middle East.
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b
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40. The result of the Persian Gulf War was that a. Kuwait was liberated but Saddam Hussein stayed in power. b. the U.S. and Iraq bogged down in a stalemate in the desert. c. the U.S. won the war with air power alone. d. the tensions in the Middle East were substantially reduced. e. Saddam Hussein was overthrown by rebel Iraqis who received American aid.
answer
a
question
41. The explosive Senate hearings that nearly prevented Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas from being confirmed involved charges that Thomas was guilty of a. racial discrimination. b. jury tampering. c. plagiarism. d. sexual harassment. e. disrespecting civil liberties and the First Amendment.
answer
d
question
The "boat people" were a. Vietnamese immigrants who fled to the U.S. immediately after the fall of Saigon. b. Cuban refugees who fled communism and landed in Florida. c. a second wave of Vietnamese people who sought to escape oppressive communist regimes for freedom. d. Cambodians who came to the U.S. seeking a better life after the Vietnam War. e. None of these
answer
A
question
Congressman Gerald Ford had become vice president of the United States when a. Nelson Rockefeller resigned the vice presidency to become governor of New York. b. Spiro Agnew resigned on corruption charges and Nixon appointed Ford under the Twenty-Fifth Amendment. c. he was selected to replace Spiro Agnew as Nixon's vice president in the 1972 campaign. d. Nixon was impeached and Congress needed to select a new president. e. the Twenty-Fifth Amendment made the Speaker of the House vice president in case of potential impeachment.
answer
C
question
America's strong support for Israel in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War led to a. a vigorous effort to end America's reliance on imported oil. b. considerably lower energy prices for European countries that had remained neutral in the war. c. an increasing alliance between Arab nations and the Soviet Union. d. America's growing reliance on Iran as its major source of Middle Eastern oil. e. an OPEC oil boycott of the United States and a subsequent energy crisis and recession.
answer
e
question
The 1973 War Powers Act a. gave the president the power to commit troops without declaring war. b. compelled President Nixon to end the secret bombing war in Cambodia. c. required presidential reporting and congressional approval of extended troop commitments. d. ended the military draft and created an all-volunteer army. e. required Congress to approve funds for military operations.
answer
C
question
The Environmental Protection Agency and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration aroused bitter opposition among many business people because a. they undermined strong efforts that businesses were already making to protect the environment and worker safety. b. the agencies were financed by new corporate business taxes. c. most business leaders were hostile to improvements in the environment or safety. d. they directly involved the federal government in many aspects of business decision making. e. they operated under laws passed by an antibusiness administration.
answer
D
question
President Nixon's 1970 invasion of Cambodia led to a. a successful suppression of Viet Cong gains in South Vietnam. b. congressional approval for an expanded war effort. c. a growing threat from China to enter the war on the side of North Vietnam. d. dramatic new waves of bitter domestic protest against the war. e. an end to the secret American bombing campaign against Cambodia.
answer
D
question
In 1971, a group of Vietnam War veterans in the U.S. a. tossed their medals in front of the Capital building to protest against the war. b. fought the antiwar movement with a demonstration on behalf of U.S. soldiers. c. protested the lack of medical care and benefits for returning soldiers. d. encouraged young men in Times Square, NY, to enlist in the U.S. military. e. supported expanded roles for women in the military.
answer
A
question
The Strategic Defense Initiative A. Was proposed by the growing peace and antinuclear movement as an alternative to tactical nuclear weapons B. Seemed to be the best solution to the nuclear arms race because of its modest cost & simplicity C. Was the first program eliminated in the great wave of Reagan defense cuts D. Substituted cheap chemical & biological weapons for expensive nuclear devices E. Proposed vast system of space-based lasers & other high tech defenses against nuclear missiles
answer
E
question
In response to the Soviet Union's military presence in Afghanistan in 1980, A. the United Nations Security Council authorized the dispatch of troops to aid in peacekeeping B. the U.S. and several other western nations boycotted the Moscow Olympic Games C. the U.S. invaded Afghanistan D. NATO authorized airstrikes along the Pakistan-Afghan border E. Iranian students held Americans hostage in the American Embassy in Tehran for almost a year
answer
B
question
In the 1979-1981 Iran Hostage Crisis A. the hostages were released on January 20th, 1981, the day President Reagan was inaugurated, after millions of dollars of gold were transferred to Iran B. President Jimmy Carter refused any negotiations with Iran to obtain the release of the 52 American hostages C. a night-time rescue effort by U.S. troops secured the hostages' release D. the Shah of Iran supported the Iranian capture of the American diplomats E. the student occupiers of the American Embassy treated the captured diplomats with deference and respect
answer
A
question
The result of the Persian Gulf War was that a. Kuwait was liberated but Saddam Hussein stayed in power. b. the United States and Iraq bogged down in a stalemate in the desert. c. the United States won the war with air power alone. d. the tensions in the Middle East were substantially reduced. e. Saddam Hussein was overthrown by rebel Iraqis who received American aid.
answer
A
question
The Americans With Disabilities Act a. passed only when Congress overrode President George H. W. Bush's veto. b. prohibited discrimination against 43 million citizens facing mental or physical challenges. c. required the government to hire disabled Americans. d. provided scholarships and student loans to people with physical or mental disabilities. e. none of these
answer
B
question
One of the more disturbing trends that became apparent in the 1990s was a. a movement toward more equitable income distribution. b. a decline in median household incomes and a squeeze on the middle class. c. an increasing number of working class Americans now moving into the middle class. d. a dramatic drop in home ownership and mortgage lending. e. the solidification of the welfare state.
answer
B
question
In his second term, President Reagan departed from the militantly anti-Soviet stance of his first term by a. joining with Soviet leader Gorbachev to end Soviet-American political and military conflicts in the Third World. b. supporting Russia if it would let go of the territories held in its Soviet empire. c. agreeing that the Soviet Union had a legitimate sphere of interest in Eastern Europe. d. making the Soviet Union a major trading partner of the United States. e. negotiating and signing arms agreements with the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
answer
e
question
The Iran-Contra Affair essentially involved a. hiring Iranian militants to fight for the Contra cause in Central America. b. selling arms to Iran in exchange for hostages and using the profits to illegally fund the Nicaraguan Contras. c. selling arms to both sides in the Iran-Iraq War. d. secretly recognizing the Iranian regime while claiming to be boycotting it. e. using both Iranian and Nicaraguan Contra agents to help free American hostages in Lebanon.
answer
B
question
Which of the these social issues was not an important concern that the New Right hoped to constrict or eliminate through legal action? a. Divorce b. Pornography c. Homosexuality d. Abortion e. Affirmative action
answer
a
