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Bolshevik Revolution

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(1917) The second stage of the Russian Revolution in November 1917 when Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik party seized power and established a communist state. The first stage occurred the previous February when moderate revolutionaries overthrew the Russian czar.

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Red Scare

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(1919-1920) A period of intense anticommunism. The "Palmer Raids" of attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer resulted in about six thousand deportations of people suspected of "subversive" activities.

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Criminal Syndicalism Laws

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(1919-1920) Passed by many states during the red scare, these nefarious laws outlawed the mere advocacy of violence to secure social change. Stump speakers for the International Workers of the World, or IWW, were special targets.

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American Plan

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A business-oriented approach to worker relations popular among firms in the 1920s to defeat unionization. Managers sought to strengthen their communication with workers and to offer benefits like pensions and insurance. They insisted on an "open shop" in contrast to the mandatory union membership through the "closed shop" that many labor activists had demanded in the strike wave after World War I.

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Immigration Act of 1924

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Also known as the "National Origins Act", this law established quotas for immigration to the United States. Immigration from southern and eastern Europe was sharply curtailed, while immigrants from Asia were cut out altogether.

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Eighteenth Amendment

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(19190 This constitutional amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, ushering in the era known as prohibition.

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Volstead Act

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(1919) A federal act enforcing the eighteenth amendment, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.

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Racketeers

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People who obtain money illegally by fraud, bootlegging, gambling, or threats of violence. Racketeers invaded the ranks of labor during the 1920s, a decade when gambling and gangsterism were prevalent in American life.

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Bible Belt

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The region of the American South, extending roughly from North Carolina west to Oklahoma and Texas, where Protestant Fundamentalism and belief in literal interpretation of the Bible were traditionally strongest.

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Fundamentalism

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A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism, which sought to reconcile religion and science. It was especially strong in the Baptist Church and the Church of Christ, first organized in 1906.

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Scientific Management

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A system of industrial management created and promoted in the early twentieth century by Frederick W. Taylor, emphasizing stopwatch efficiency to improve factory performance. The system gained immense popularity across the United States and Europe.

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Fordism

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A system of assembly-line manufacturing and mass-production named after Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company and developer of the Model T car.

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United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

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A black nationalist organization founded in 1914 by the Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey in order to promote resettlement of African Americans to their "African homeland" and to stimulate a vigorous separate black economy within the United States.

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Modernism

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In response to the demanding conditions of modern life, this artistic and cultural movement revolted against comfortable Victorian standards and accepted change, contingency, uncertainty, and fragmentation. Originating among avant-garde artists and intellectuals around the turn of the twentieth century, modernism blossomed into a full-fledged cultural movement in art, music, literature, and architecture.

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"Lost Generation"

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A creative circle of expatriate American artists and writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Gertrude Stein, who found shelter and inspiration in post-World War I Europe.

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Harlem Renaissance

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A creative outpouring among African American writers, jazz musicians, and social thinkers, centered around Harlem in the 1920s, that celebrated black culture and advocated for a "New Negro" in American social, political, and intellectual life.

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A. Mitchell Palmer

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Attorney general during the Red Scare who deported thousands in the Palmer Raids ("Fighting Quaker")

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Nicola Sacco

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Italian American anarchist convicted of the murder of MA paymaster and guard during the Sacco-Venzetti trial; he was executed because the jury and judge were prejudiced

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Bartolomeo Vanzetti

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Italian American anarchist convicted of the murder of MA paymaster and guard during the Sacco-Venzetti trial; he was executed because the jury and judge were prejudiced

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Horace Kallen

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He defended the immigrants and said they needed their different cultures because they were unique, and stressed the preservation of identity

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Randolph Bourne

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Intellectual who advocated cultural pluralism and said America should be a transnationality rather tan a nationality (wanted a multi cultured nation)

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Al Capone

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Gangster in the 1920s, murderous booze distributor, convicted for tax evasion

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John T. Scopes

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Scopes trial (convicted for teaching evolution)

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Frederick W. Taylor

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the father of scientific management

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Henry Ford

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Fordism/assembly line production; Model T

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Charles A. Lindbergh

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son's kidnapping led to Lingbergh's law, or the death penalty for child abduction; first solo fly (east to west) of Atlantic[became hero]

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Margaret Sanger

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birth control movement and the use of contraceptives

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Sigmund Freud

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introduced the concept of nervous and emotional ills; very sexually minded

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H.L. Mencken

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writer who criticized the narrow and hypocritical views of American society

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F. Scott Fitzgerald

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The Side of Paradise - The Great Gatsby (example of attitudes/people in time period)--popular writings with young people

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Ernest Hemingway

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The Sun Also Rises, Farewell to Arms -novels reflected disillusionment of many Americans with propaganda and patriotic idealism

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T.S. Eliot

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20th century poet; The Waste Land

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Langston Hughes

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The Poet Laureate of Harlem and author of The Weary Blues

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-Bolshevik Revolution -Red Scare -Criminal Syndicalism Laws -American Plan -Emergency Quota Act of 1921 -Immigration Act of 1924 -18th amendment -volstead act -racketeers -st. valentine's day massacre -bible belt -fundamentalism -Scopes Trial -scientific management -Fordism -UNIA -modernism -Flappers -lost generation -Harlem Renaissance

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bolsehvik/red scare;immigration;prohibition/gangsterism;fundamentalism/modernism;scientific management;blacks;harlem

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