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Great Depression

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A time of utter economic disaster; started in the United States in 1929.

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Oligopolies

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few large corporations controlled corporate wealth/set prices

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Hoovervilles

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shanty towns where people lived in shacks and starved

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Voluntarism

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policy of President Hoover that voluntary private relief was preferable to federal intervention, that voluntary efforts of organizations would bring recovery

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Reconstruction Finance Corporation

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established in 1932, lent federal funds to insurance companies and railroads so that their recovery could "trickle down" to ordinary Americans

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Bonus Army

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in 1932, unemployed WWI veterans gathered in Washington DC to demand payment of service bonuses, Hoover evicted them and Gen. Douglas MacArthur led army against the marchers

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Brain Trust

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a group of academic experts that aided FDR in creating ideas for New Deal

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New Deal

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FDR's response to the Great Depression that addressed the 3 R's (1st and 2nd)

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Banking Holiday

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all banks were closed to restore confidence in American banks

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Parity

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equality, as in amount, status, or value for farm products

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Good Neighbor Policy

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included visits to Latin America by Hoover and Roosevelt, trading with Latin America, and recognition of the Soviet Union as well as trading with them

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Fascist Government

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a form of government used by Hitler, Mussolini, and Franco that was a 1 party dictatorship aligned closely with corporate interests, committed to biological world evolution

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Neutrality Acts

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starting in 1935, passed by Congress to continue America's trade with partners but prohibit the president from taking sides

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Kristallnacht

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(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

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Blue Eagle

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insignia of the NRA that showed industries/businesses supported NIRA

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Dust Bowl

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region from the Great Plains to Texas to Dakotas, crops failed and nothing left to hold soil

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The Grapes of Wrath

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by John Steinbeck, about families leaving barren farms for California

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Resettlement Administration

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reated in 1935, it focused on land reform and helped poor farmers by initiating soil erosion projects and by resettling poor farmers on better land. Led by Rexford Tugwell

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Collective Bargaining

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when workers bargain for their wages, hours, conditions together

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Memorial Day Massacre

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in 1937, police at the Republic Steel Company fired on strikers and families, killing ten people. Republic hired private police to attack them

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Primitive Communism

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in poor communities (specifically urban) people shared whatever they had with one another for survival

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Packing the Courts

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met with opposition from Supreme Court earlier on, FDR proposed legislation to name new justice for each one serving past age of 70. It failed.

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Tariffs

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FDR and Cordell thought they should be lowered

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Rugged Individual

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the ideology that Americans should be able to lift themselves up, not depend totally on federal government

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Relief, Recovery, Reform

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the three R's

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Fireside Chats

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FDR addressed the public in these radio talks and restored confidence in American banks

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Kensyan Economics

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spend more with federal government to increase demand and production, raise taxes to pay debt and cool economy when business activity becomes extensive

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London Naval Conference

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in 1921, this was held in America to set arms controls in navies of countries, 5:5:3 ration set.

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Dawes Plan

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American banks give 2.5 mill to Germany, Germany gives 2 mill to Britain and France, Britain and France give 2.5 mill to American People. Plan known as _____

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Kellogg-Briand Treaty

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This treaty of 1928 denounced war between countries when it was used for the purpose of handling relations between countries. Signed by Frank Kellogg of the US and Aristicie Briand from France on Aug 27, 1928, it sought to bring about a change in the way countries dealt with foreign policy

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Nye Committee

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1934-1936: investigated origins of US involvement in WWI and exposed greed of big business

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Emergency Banking Act

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passed to extend government assistance to sound banks and reorganize weak ones

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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

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passed in June 1933 to guarantee bank deposits up to $2500

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Glass-Steagall Act

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this act separated investment and commercial banking to curtail risky speculation

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Securities Act

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this act reformed sale of stocks to prevent insider abuses (like Wall Street)

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Securities and Exchange Commission

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created in 1934 to regulate the stock market

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Home Owners Loan Corporation

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helped millions of homeowners refinance their mortgages

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Farm Credit Administration

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helped millions of farmers refinance mortgages on their farms

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Federal Emergency Relief Administration

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furnished funds to state and local agencies, led by Harry Hopkins, programs offered work

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Civil Works Administration

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this administration, also led by Hopkins, spent $1 billion in 1933-34 to create jobs for 4 million men and women building roads, teaching, singing and others.

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Public Works Administration

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this administration, led by Harold Ickes, spent billions from 1933-1939 to provide work relief on useful projects to stimulate economy through public expenditures (schools, hospitals, dams, bridges, courthouses, etc.)

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Civilian Conservation Corps

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this body employed 3.5 million young men to work on reforestation/flood control projects, build roads and bridges in forests, etc.

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Agricultural Adjustment Administration

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formed in May 1933 to combat depression in agriculture caused by crop surpluses and low prices, was deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court

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National Insurance Recovery Act

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this act created the National Recovery Administration and passed codes that promote interests of big business

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National Recovery Administration

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created in NIRA to halt slide in prices, wages, and employment by suspending antitrust laws and authorizing industrial trade associations to draft codes setting production quotas, price policies, wages and working conditions

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Section 7a

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this section of NIRA guaranteed workers right to organize unions and bargain collectively

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Wagner National Labor Relations Act

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passed to protect laborers rights to organize and bargain collectively, prohibited employers from adopting unfair practices, set up NLRB

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National Labor Relations Board

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enforced the Wagner National Labor Relations Act, protected workers and supervised union elections.

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Social Security Act

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this act was part of the 2nd New Deal, it provided unemployment compensation, old-age pensions, and aid for dependent mothers, children, and the blind

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Banking Act of 1935

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this act increased the authority of the Federal Reserve Board over currency and the credit system and decreased the power of private bankers

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Revenue Act of 1935

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also known as the "Soak the Rich Tax," this act passed graduated income taxes and increased estate and corporate taxes.

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Emergency Relief Appropriation Act

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passed in 1935, this act authorized $5 million for emergency public employment

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Works Progress Administration

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run by Hopkins, this administration set up relief programs to assist unemployed and boost the economy, specifically offered jobs to talented workers like writers, artists, actors, and musicians.

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National Youth Administration

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this administration gave students part time jobs and enabled over 2 million high school and college students to remain in school

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Committee for Industrial Organization

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formed within the AFL, it campaigned to unionize workers in steel, auto, and rubber industries

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Fair Labor Standards Act

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established maximum hours/minimum wages for workers but authorized too many exemptions

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Farm Tenancy Act

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established the Farm Security Administration to lend tenant farmers and agricultural laborers money, however appropriations were limited

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National Housing Act

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created the US Housing Authority to finance slum clearance and public housing projects, but its funds were not nearly enough

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President Herbert Hoover

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this President served from 1929 to 1933, and he failed to meet the needs of the American people when the Great Depression started as he favored the policy of "voluntarism." He also began good neighbor policy in Latin America

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Elanor Roosevelt

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Wife of FDR that organized women's groups and campaigned across NY. Aided FDR in his election due to the fact that he had polio

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General Douglas MacArthur

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Led the infantry, cavalry, and tanks against the Bonus Marchers.

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President Franklin Delano Roosevelt

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Activist President elected in 1932 that introduced the New Deals to help the American people recover, to reform business and financial industry, and regulated banks. Spent a lot of money to secure these acts and administrations

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Harry Hopkins

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director of FERA, CWA, WPA, was one of the New Deal's most important people.

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Harold Ickes

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Director of the PWA, spent billions to build schools, hospitals, dams, etc

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Henry Wallace

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Secretary of Agriculture that defended the AAA as analogous to corporations maximizing profit

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Hugh Johnson

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director of NRA that persuaded business leaders to cooperate in drafting codes, denounced the strikes against violation of Section 7a of NIRA

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William Lemke

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Representative of North Dakota who was an agrarian radical leader of a Nonpartisan league that called attention to rural distress (critic)

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Francis Townsend

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a California physician that wanted to aid nation's elderly, created the Townsend Plan that called for government pension to citizens over the age of 60 (critic)

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Father Charles Coughlin

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Catholic priest in Detroit suburb Royal Oak, got 30 million Americans attentive to his cause with anti-Semitic political radio messages, demanded social justice and financial reform, organized National Union for Social Justice (critic)

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Huey P. Long

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Senator of Louisiana that organized Share-Our-Wealth society, planned to end poverty and unemployment with confiscatory taxes on rich to provide each family with decent income, health coverage, education, and old age pension ("bigfish") (critic)

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Robert Wagner

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senator of New York that drafted the Wagner National Labor Relations Act

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John Steinbeck

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author that wrote The Grapes of Wrath

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Rexford Tugwell

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led the Resettlement Administration

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Dorothea Lage

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photographer, captured scenes of Great Depression

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John Maynard Keynes

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FDR based the principles of increased spending on his system, Kensyan Economics.

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Gerald Nye

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Senator that established committee in 1934 to investigate origins of US involvement in WWI

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Cordell Hull

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FDR's secretary of state that believed in the need for lower tariffs, finalized trade agreements with Latin American nations and increased US exports

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Adolf Hitler

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leader of the Nazis (National Socialist Workers Party) that established a fascist government and went on a journey for world conquest in which he killed 6 million Jews and millions of minorities. Annexed Austria, took back Rhineland and Sudenland, invaded Czechoslovakia and Poland. Defied Treaty of Versailles

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Benito Mussolini

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fascist dictator of Italy, invaded Ethiopia in 1935

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Francisco Franco

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led uprising in Spain and ousted Spanish Republic, creating an authoritarian government

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Japan

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invaded Manchuria and China, US only "condemned" them so they could remain trading partners

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Indian Reorganization Act

answer

promised religious freedom, tribal self-government, and a halt to sale of tribal land. 1934

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John Collier

answer

commissioner of Indian affairs

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Tennessee Valley Authority

answer

in 1933, built dams to control floods and general hydroelectric power, fertilzer and forestry development, encouraged conservatism, modernized school and health systems

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Rural Electrification Administration

answer

1935, Revolutionized farm life by providing electricity to farms

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Bureau of Reclamation

answer

est. 1902, built dams to control river systems (Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee Dam)

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