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Theodore Roosevelt Policy

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"Speak softly and carry a big stick" Diplomacy backed up with military Examples:The Panama Canal, Roosevelt Corollary, "Great White Fleet"

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William Howard Taft Policy

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$$ Diplomacy: Objectives/Goals: encouraged investment in foreign markets Examples: Investments so Latin America wouldn't have to rely on European countries (has a sense of control over that country)

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Woodrow Wilson Policy

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Moral/Missionary Diplomacy Objectives/Goals: spread democracy Examples: Mexico (contradicting; telling them who to elect), Puerto Rico, Philippines; like the White Man's Burden

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(1890s) Reasons for American Imperialism

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Rise of Industrialism (desire for markets) Alfred T. Mahan's 'The Influence of Sea Power Upon History' Social Darwinism White Man's Burden

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Hawaii

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-Missionaries established 1820s -Major interest held in sugar plantations- 1887 sugar imported duty free -Queen Liliuokalani reigned in 1891, wanted to reduce US influence -US reinstituted tax on sugar (1893)- pro-Americans sugar planters/US marines overthrew queen and declared Hawaii a republic -Annexation 1898

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Alaska

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-Russia and GB claimed Alaska -Russia assumed control, but it became economic burden -sought buyers; liked William Seward (US Secretary of State) -Congress bought it for 7.2 million -Americans saw Alaska with no value -> "Seward's Folly" or "Seward's Icebox"

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Crisis over Cuba

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-US had major investment in Cuban sugar plantations -Cuban rebellion against Spanish rule in 1895 -rebels caused popular sympathy in US, claimed Spanish commander in Cuba (Valeriano Weyler) used concentration camps -yellow journalism- William Randolph Hearst's 'Journal' and Joseph Pulitzer's 'World'= sensationalized stories to get readers + inflamed public opinion -DeLome Letter (Feb 8 1898) -sinking of The Maine (Feb 15 1898) -McKinley asked for war declaration (April 11 1898) -Teller Amendment

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Teller Amendment

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US promised that they would not take over Cuba once independence for Cuba was assured. Declared, "the US had no desire for sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control of Cuba"

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Spanish-American War (1898)

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-fighting began in Manila Bay in Philippines; by mid-August, US occupied capital (Manila) -TR led volunteer "Rough Riders" at San Juan Hill -John Hay referred to it as "Splendid Little War" -tropical conditions, ill-equipped, heavy wool uniforms, terrible medical care, disease -black troops fighting in Cuba experienced segregation +racism -Treaty of Paris (1898) -Platt Amendment -Anti-Imperial League- opposed imperialism

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Treaty of Paris (1898)

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-Spain recognized Cuba's independence -US paid $20 million for Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam -US= imperial power + possessed an island empire stretching from the Caribbean to the Pacific

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Platt Amendment

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(1901) US had the right to intervene in Cuban affairs "when necessary" and that America be given two naval bases on the Cuban mainland

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The Philippines

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-American businessmen saw the Philippines as a stepping stone to the Chinese market -McKinley's reasoning for insisted US acquisition of the Philippines= Filipinos were not ready for self-government, mission to educate + civilize them -Emilio Aguinaldo- organization a Filipino independence movement to drive out the Spanish -took 4 years for US to crush independence movement which wages guerrilla warfare -Philippines became a US protectorate-denied them independence until 1946 -Philippines Organize Act (1902)

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Philippines Organize Act

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President appointed a governor and Filipino assembly would be elected

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misc.

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-Major question emerged over the constitutional rights of the Philippine people- Did the provisions of the US Constitution apply to whatever territories fell under US control? -The issue was resolved in favor of the imperialists in a series of Supreme Court cases (1901-1903) known as insular cases -The Court rules that the constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions and that the power to decide whether or not to grant such rights belonged to Congress

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William Howard Taft ($ Diplomacy)

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-Policy of promoting US trade by supporting American enterprises abroad was known as DOLLAR DIPLOMACY. He believed that private American financial investment in China an Central America would lead to greater stability there, while at the same time promote US business interests -America frozen out of a Chinese international railroad deal, so turn to Latin America -US intervened in Nicaraguan civil war to protect US investments -Senator Lodge proposed a Corollary prohibiting non-European powers from the western hemisphere; it failed

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Nicaragua

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-1911- US supported a revolution in Nicaragua to protect US investments. Brought Adolfo Diaz to power -US bankers loaned Diaz 1.5 million in exchange for Nicaraguan national bank, the customs service, and national railroad

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Lodge Corollary

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-responsible for alienating LA and Japan -A group of Japanese investors wanted to buy a large part of Mexico's Baja Peninsula, extending south of Carolina -fearing that Japan's government might be secretly scheming to acquire land, Lodge introduced + passed the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine -the resolution stated that non-European powers (Japan) would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere

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Wilson's "Moral Diplomacy"

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-The US should be the conscience of the world -spread democracy -promote peace -condemn colonialism

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Examples

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Philippines- Jones Act (1916) -full territorial status to Filipinos -Bill of Rights -promise of independence Puerto Rico (1917) -US citizenship to all -limited self government Panama Canal -US would pay equal tolls But they were more aggressive in Central + South America

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Wilson + Latin America

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-Mexico became independent from Spain in 1821 -since they became independent they never had a solid government

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US interests in Mexico

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-Mexico had oil -Mexico had mines -US businessmen had investments in Mexico -Mexico's location was right on the US border

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Mexican Revolution (p 1)

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-Porfirio Diaz became president, was well-liked by the US businessmen + Mexican wealthy. Later, he lost to Francisco Madero; man of the people, but the US businessmen/wealthy weren't happy about him -Huerta overthrew Madero's government -US businessmen asked Wilson to recognize Huerta as the rightful Mexican government, but he refused (viewed him as "a butcher"). Wanted to get him out of government, but needed an excuse ("Watchful waiting"; while Huerta is president he is waiting for a reason/chance to get involved in Mexico)

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Mexican Revolution (p 2)

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-Carranza gained power in Mexico, Wilson recognized his government + Carranza ensured Wilson that all US citizens would be safe in Mexico -Pancho Villa hated Carranza + murdered US engineers who came to Mexico, wanted Wilson to send troops and overthrow Carranza. After he refused, Pancho Villa went into the US and killed more Americans, then went back to Mexico. US still didn't overthrow Carranza, but asked if they could go into Mexico to find Pancho Villa; Carranza refused but they went in anyway -all US troops pulled out in 1916 because the US didn't have a large army and Wilson anticipated involvement in WWI

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Open Door note

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fearful that US business would be shut out of China, John Hay sent notes to imperialist powers in China requesting that they open the ports within their sphere of influence to all corners and not grant special privileges to trader of their own nation

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China

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-1899; anti-foreigner secret society (Boxers) killed thousands of foreigners + Chinese Christians -Defeat of Boxers weakened Chinese government further -> John Hay feared European powers would take China over -> Issued Open Door Notes (1900) reaffirming the principle of OPEN TRADE in China for ALL NATIONS and announced the US's determination to preserve China's territory and administrative integrity -Sphere of influence- foreign country/countries controls the economy of a certain area

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Roosevelt Corollary

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-1904- Several European nations threatened to invade the Dominican Republic -Roosevelt Corollary (December 1904); addition to the MOnroe Doctrine; announced that in some circumstances the US had the RIGHT to meddle in Latin American affairs. The US would send gunboats to a Latin American country that was delinquent in paying them debts; US sailors and marines would occupy the major ports the manage the collection of customs taxes until European debts were satisfied

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Panama Canal

answer

-US negotiated with Colombia for a 99 year lease on the proposed canal, but they rejected the offer -Philippe Bunau-Varilla (Official of the bankrupt French company); organized a revolution in Panama, wrote a declaration and constitution for the new nation -November 1903- revolution erupted, American warship anchored off the shore -Bunau-Varilla gained American recognition of the newly hatched nation + signed a treaty guaranteeing the US a ten-mile wide strip of land across Panama in return for 10 million and annual payment -yellow fever= big problem -August 1914- first ship sailed through Canal

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Russo-Japanese War

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-broke out in 1904, Japan was winning, TR arranged a diplomatic conference -Treaty of Portsmouth, Japanese nationalists blamed the Us for not giving their country all they believed they deserved from Russia -Gentlemen's Agreement- major cause of friction between Japan and US concerned laws in California that discriminated against Japanese Americans; restrict emigration of Japanese workers, TR repealed discriminatory laws -Root-takahira Agreement

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Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

answer

executive agreement between US and Japan Elihu Root and Takahira (Ambassadors) exchanged notes pledging mutual respect for each nation's Pacific possessions and support for the Open Door policy in China

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4 Major points in "The influence of sea power on history"

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Need a solid Navy. New to have ports (so that ships can refuel). Build a canal. Acquire Pacific islands.

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attitudes of expansionism

answer

Social Darwinist Theory Believed that the white race was superior. White Man's Burden The idea that because the white man was educated and Christian, they should go out into the world to educate and convert others to Christianity. This was a justification for the U.S. and Europeans to be imperialistic. One of the biggest groups who did this was Missionaries.

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De Lome Letter

answer

SpanishAmbassador to the U.S. Criticized PresidentMcKinley as weak and abidder for the admirationof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to leave a dooropen behind himself whilekeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hisparty.

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Platt Amendment p 2

answer

Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

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Foraker Act

answer

Puerto Rico became an "unincorporated territory." Citizens of PR, not of the US. Import duties on PR goods

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Alfred Thayer Mahan

answer

leading proponent of imperialism, sea power. wrote "The Influence of Sea Power upon History"

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William Randolph Hearst

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wrote the 'Journal'; promoted yellow journalism during the Spanish-American war

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Joseph Pulitzer

answer

wrote 'World'; promoted yellow journalism during the Spanish-American war

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USS Maine

answer

US ship near Cuba exploded, thought to be a bombing, newspapers blamed Spanish and war spirit flared

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Naval Act of 1900

answer

plan to revive the American navy. It approved the construction of naval/battle ships and prepared them for the Spanish-American War

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"splendid little war"

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what John Hay called the Spanish'American War due to its length; however, not true due to casualties, etc.

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Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Rider

answer

group of volunteers to fight in Cuba

question

Anti Imperialist League

answer

critics of imperialism; William Jennings Bryan, Jane Addams, Mark Twain, and William James

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Emilio Aguinaldo

answer

Nationalist leader of Filipino war against American occupation

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Jingoism

answer

extreme patriotism, especially in the form of warlike policy

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Philippine Organic Act

answer

provided the creation of a Philippine assembly and governor; promised eventual self-government

question

Gentlemen's Agreement

answer

major cause of friction between Japan and US concerned laws in California that discriminated against Japanese Americans; restrict emigration of Japanese workers, TR repealed discriminatory laws

question

Great White Fleet

answer

showed off American military to other countries

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Hayes-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)

answer

treaty that allowed the US to buy the Panama Canal

question

What factors contributed to the desire for America to expand its territory?

answer

Rise of Industrialism (desire for markets) Alfred T. Mahan's 'The Influence of Sea Power Upon History' Social Darwinism White Man's Burden

question

What interests did Americans have in the Hawaiian Islands? Explain the situation that occurred in Hawaii.

answer

The US was economically invested in Hawaii's sugar plantations; after new queen came in and taxed foreign goods, the Hawaiians overthrew her and asked to be annexed

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What interests did Americans have in Cuba? What role did yellow journalism play in the instigation of war?

answer

Americans were invested in Cuba; invested 50 million in the land itself and got 100 million every year from exporting sugar to them; yellow journalism caused the people to believe that things were worse than the were in Cuba and had a "call to war" effect

question

What issues did Americans face while fighting the Spanish-American war?

answer

-tropical conditions, ill-equipped, heavy wool uniforms, terrible medical care, disease -black troops fighting in Cuba experienced segregation +racism

question

Explain the significance of the Teller Amendment and the Platt Amendment.

answer

Teller Amendment- promised the US would not take over Cuba after the war, were just in it to help Platt Amendment- allowed US to interfere in Cuba and restricted their trade, etc. showed hypocrisy in their policy

question

What were McKinley's reasons for taking over the Philippines? How did the Filipinos respond to American take over?

answer

said that they were not ready for self-government; if the US didn't take them over, then they would be taken over by someone else They revolted; Filipino independence movement lasted 4 years

question

Why did John Hay write the "Open Door Notes"? What did they say and what was the motivation behind their creation? With what country did the US increasingly conflict in our attempt to uphold the Open Door Policy?

answer

He was afraid that the US would be cut out of Chinese trade Japan; the Boxer rebellion and their expansion threatened the Open Door policy

question

Explain the US acquisition of the Panama Canal. What events transpired that created the opportunity and how did the US eventually gain control of the area?

answer

France no longer wanted the Canal (couldn't finish building it, too sick, just a waste of money, etc.) so they sold it to the US. However, Panama wouldn't allow them to take it, so Philippe Bunau Varilla started a revolution

question

Create a timeline of events leading to the U.S. entry into World War I.

answer

War starts Lusitania (boat) sunk by Germany Germany gave compensation Germany sunk Sussex US supported Allies economically 1916 election- Wilson re-elected Germany resumes unrestricted sub warfare US broke diplomatic relations with Germany Zimmermann telegram Russia left the War US joined the war

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Military preparedness for war

answer

very unprepared; little ammunition, not well trained, little men, etc. Selective Service Act- draft American Expeditionary Force- Native Americans in the army women served in navy, etc. War Department monitored off-duty behavior Commission on Training Camp Activities- reform blacks helped war efforts but were discriminated against

question

economic preparedness for war

answer

War Industries Board- regulated wartime production/allocation of materials Fuel Administration controlled coal output Food Administration oversaw production + ensured food for the allies 5,000 regulatory agencies encouraged cooperation among businesses added taxes, but profits soared

question

civilian support for war

answer

liberty bonds/Liberty Loans Committee on Public Information- wartime propaganda

question

opposition to war

answer

changed German names + towns socialists + immigrants opposed war draft resistance Espionage Act + Sedition Amendment

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War impact on Industry and Agriculture

answer

brought prosperity to the economy even unskilled workers were helped automobile production went up agricultural boom= mixed blessing; after war those who borrowed the expand production faced a credit squeeze

question

War impact on African Americans

answer

Blacks migrated north due to industry, less racism, etc. formed new groups up there; churches, NAACP, etc. still faced challenges; deadly riots due to blacks taking their jobs + homes

question

War impact on Women

answer

took men's jobs during war NY amended the state constitution to permit women to vote 19th Amendment passed due to Wilson being impressed with how they held the country when the men were gone didn't help status permanently; not a lot of women joined workforce, they just moved to better-paying jobs

question

War impact on progressive reforms

answer

18th Amendment- prohibition anti prostitution campaign War Labor Board- pressured factory owners to give 8 hour workday and recognized right to unions still weakened impulse; business interests dominated regulatory agencies, and agencies were dismantled after the war

question

Causes of World War I

answer

MAIN Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism

question

Alliances

answer

-1882: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy signed a mutual defense treaty (central Powers) -1904 + 1907: Great Britain signed treaties with France and Russia (Allied Powers) -Russia had a military alliance with Serbia -Ottoman Empire collapsed and new countries Romania, Bulgaria, and Serbia formed -Serbia wished to expand its territory into Bosnia-Herzegovina (Russia supported this), but A-H ended up taking BH over

question

Immediate Causes

answer

-the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to Austro-Hungarian throne -Austria Hungary demanded that Serbia allow A-H police into Serbia to search for terrorists, Serbia refused

question

Declaration of War

answer

-A-H declared war on Serbia -Russia agreed to go to war because war was declared on Serbia -A-H called on Germany to go to war with them -Germany did not want to go to war, but Russia put its military along the border of Russia, which outlined Austria-HUngary and Germany so they agreed -France was allies with Russia, so they got involved in the war, and H-H and Germany were in a two front war

question

Neutrality

answer

Difficult -Ethnic influences -Wilson's vision of a world order in America's image conflicted with neutrality -UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE (Lusitania, Sussex) -Economic links with GB and France

question

Election of 1916

answer

"He kept us out of war"- Wilson Republican candidate- Charles Evan Hughes Wilson won by a landslide

question

Decision for War

answer

January 1917- Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare -Zimmerman telegram -Russian Revolution

question

Allocate Resources

answer

-War Industries Board Bernard Baruch (Chairman of WIB) Herbert Hoover (FDA) Harry Garfield (Fuel Administration) William McAdoo (Railroad)

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Paying for war

answer

raise income taxes war bond- liberty bonds

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selective service

answer

draft (conscription), the reason labor decreased required all men between 21-30 to register for possible induction in the military racial segregation applied to the army

question

Industry and Agriculture

answer

-WWI brought prosperity to US economy -increased production, increased prices and wages -job seekers poured into industrial centers, strained housing, schools, and municipal services -car production and cigarette consumption increased -agricultural prices INCREASED- golden age for farmers, as European farm production was disrupted

question

laborers

answer

-African Americans migrated to the north "Great Migration" to work in the factories -Women entered the work realm by working in factories too -Mexican Americans also entered the work realm by working in factories -when the white soldiers come home these people lose these jobs

question

1918 Influenza Pandemic

answer

-1918 the nation coped with the global outbreak of influenza, a highly contagious viral infection -killed as many as 50 million people worldwide -US death toll was about 550,000

question

propaganda

answer

-domestic affairs and support were just as important as its battles -patriotic fever gripped America -> in turn encouraged intellectual conformity and INTOLERANCE OF DISSENT

question

Committee for Public Information

answer

-headed by George Creel, the Creel Committee in reality publicized the government's version of events and discredited all who questioned that version -posters, news releases, advertisements, and movies

question

Wartime Intolerance and Dissent

answer

-Nativism- America for Americans -some Americans became hysterical in their hatred of all things German, their hostility to aliens and dissenters, and their strident patriotism -despite persecution, many Americans persisted in opposing the war. Some had ancestral ties to Germany, others for religious reasons (pacifists), some were conscious objectors

question

suppressing dissent by LAW

answer

Espionage Act- looking for spies Sedition Amendment- May 1918, if you speak against the government you could be thrown in jail (violated freedom of speech, but Congress passed it anyway, the Supreme Court upholds the law because people are in such fear)

question

Wilson's 14 Points

answer

-9 spelled out Wilson's belief that the subject peoples of the A-H and Ottoman empires should have the freedom to choose their own political future (self determination of nations; each group can decide by vote which country they belong to) -freedom of seas/free trade -reduced arms -no secret treaties (alliances) -League of Nations

question

Versailles Peace Conference (p 1)

answer

Big Four: Britain, France, US, Italy -Main goal of France and GB was pay back, they wanted to punish Germany -European goals did not align with Wilson's

question

Versailles Peace Conference (p 2)

answer

Outcome -Germany was disarmed -stripped of colonies -forced to admit sole blame for war -reparation payments 56 billion -France regained the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine and took control for 15 years of Germany's coal-rich Saar Basin -transferred a slice of eastern Germany to Poland -Italy received land -Japan got economic concessions

question

Versailles Peace Conference (p 3)

answer

outcomes reflecting Wilson's themes of democracy and self-determination -recognized the independence of Poland and the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, +Lithuania -separate treaties provided independence of Czech. and Yugoslavia -Palestine went to GB; GB issues the Balfour Declaration supporting a Jewish "national home" in the region while also acknowledging the rights of the non-Jewish Palestinians

question

League of Nations

answer

-US Senate refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles because they did NOT want the League of Nations became they didn't want their powers to decrease -Democrats= supported the League covenant without changes -Republican "Irreconcilables"= opposed the League absolutely -Republican "Reservationists"= demanded amendment as a condition of their support -US never signed the Treaty of Versailles

question

Racism and Red Scare 1919-1920

answer

-Wartime antiradical panic, reinforced by fear and hated of bolshevism perpetuated in the Red Scare -Anti-German hysteria of war turned into anti-Communist hysteria -emotions deepened as strike broke out representing an accumulation of grievances -mayor accused strikers of trying to duplicate the anarchy of Russia and called for federal troops -anti radical fears fueled xenophobia that resulted in restrictions on immigration in the 1920s

question

Palmer Raids

answer

-a series of unexplained bombings caused Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer to establish a special office under Edgar Hoover to gather information on radicals -Palmer ordered mass arrests of anarchists, socialists, and labor agitators

question

road to war

answer

Unrestricted submarine warfare- attacked anyone coming near the Allies to stop supplies from going to them; violated freedom of sea Lusitania= major cause for entering the war (led to buildup, not an immediate cause) British passenger ship (not a threat), Germany sunk it even though there were Americans onboard, had to come to an agreement to stop the attacks Sussex Pledge= was carrying things to sell, Germans sunk it, America threatened breaking diplomatic ties Even though Britain was sinking ships as well, German sinkings were publicized more (bias), gave an advantage to the Allies

question

Road to war (2)

answer

Ethnicity made it difficult for neutrality Native born Americans + British immigrants supported Allies German + Irish born supported Austria Wilson wanted to spread democracy (Moral Policy); through the course of the War he realized that his image (spread of democracy) wouldn't happen if other countries were taking over Russia dropped out, Wilson was able to make it a cause of democracy US heavily economically tied to Britain and France; bankers asked President to loan money to European powers during the war, still had to loan to Germany but not nearly as much. If Allied powers lost, then the US would not get money back easily

question

results of new organization of economy

answer

Unemployment virtually disappeared Expansion of "big government" Excessive government regulations in economy Some gross mismanagement - overlapping jurisdictions Close cooperation between public and private sectors Unprecedented opportunities for women & minorities

question

Eugene Debbs

answer

socialist; claimed war was a capitalist struggle for markets

question

Schenk v US

answer

"clear and present danger"

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