APUSH Chapter 21 – Flashcards with Answers

16th - graduated income tax 17th - Direct elections 18th - Prohibition 19th - Women's suffrage

McKinley (1896 - 1900) - assassinated; Republican Roosevelt (1900 - 1908) - 2 terms + part of McKinley's term; Republican Taft (1908 - 1912) - Republican Wilson (1912 - 1920) - 2 terms; Democrat

ran for court judge - juvenile protection

- Graduated income tax (Progressive Income Tax) - 16th amendment vs. Flat tax - general elections (17th amendment)

local organizations (shape public policy) - didn't work with political parties (made politics more fragmented) *civil service - American Bar Assoc: lawyers - National Amer. Woman Suffrage Assoc - National Municipal League - National Negro Business League - Society of Amer. Indians

- new middle class of specialized workers (law, medicine, engineering, social service, religion, teaching, business, etc) - tried to "Americanize" immigrants and Indians - use skills to benefit society

exposed social, economic, and political wrongs (exposés) - Lincoln Steffens (political bosses) - Upton Sinclair (The Jungle) - Meatpacking industry - Ida Tarbell (Standard Oil)

- nonpartisan elections (prevent fraud and bribery) - direct primaries (all voters could participate) - initiative (permitted voters to propose new laws) - referendum (allowed voters to accept or reject a law) - recall (voters allowed to remove offending officials and judges from office)

- Young Women's Christian Assoc (YWCA): help unmarried working women - Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) - Municipal Voters League & U.S. Chamber of Commerce: run schools, hospitals, and local gov't

"bread and butter" reforms - Senator Robert Wagner (NY) & Governor Edward Dunne (Illnois) - "Big Tim" Sullivan (NYC): shorter workday for women - opposed reforms that went against individual liberty (prohibition, blue laws, civil service, nonpartisan elections, etc)

- Protestantism - wealthy help poor - settlement houses (Hull House - Jane Addams, blue laws, Americanization - "What would Jesus do?" - Catholics and Jews left out - anti-capitalism - social reform

- Henry George (hated speculation - when ppl wait until land is profitable to sell - wanted land/flat tax to force ppl to use the land) - Eugene V. Debbs (ARU) - ran for 1900 election - Appeal to Reason (Marxism) - normally opposed by unions & progressives bc increasing of tax & anti-capitalism

- city-commission plan - city-manager plan - direct primaries - gov't regulation, factory safety, pure food & drug legislation, moral reform

- humanitarianism, regulation, women & child labor, workers' compensation, education reform, pure food & drug act - Hiram Johnson - direct primaries (cali) - Thomas Walsh - no corruption & women's suffrage (montana) - Francis Newlands - fed control of water resources & national planning

- child labor, social service, unfair wages - AA women - street cleaning, education, health - not much political power (could vote on state and local matters)

- "old guard" republicans - financiers (J.P. Morgan & Rockefeller) - defenders of free enterprise (disliked gov't interference bc it lowered competition)

Wisconsin; Republican - Wisconsin Plan: multipronged reform program (reg. of railroads, direct primaries, equitable taxes) - U.S. senator: "Battling Bob" - drive corporations out of politics, not destroy them

- factory inspection, workers' compensation, grand aid for mothers, National Child Labor Committee (minimum age), National Consumers League, old age pensions

- Anti-Saloon League - Women's Christian Temperance Union - "dry" communities - immigrants attacked (culture) - Taft: 18th amendment

- White Slave Traffic Act (Mann Act) -Margaret Sanger: birth control clinic (shut down by police)

- John Dewy: (experience > memorization) - G. Stanley Hall - education necessary to make good citizens - Morrill Acts: establish new schools - John H. Patterson: training of salesmen - segregated land-grant colleges for Blacks in South - increase in female enrollment

- Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (associate justice of SC) - law should change to fit needs of people - Louis D. Brandeis: judges opinion based on scientific info (Muller v. Oregon - women's hours, Lochner v. NY - bakers, Holden v. Hardy - miners) - 10th &. 14th amendment (10 - no gov't interference in state matters, 14th - individual's right to make contracts without gov't interference) - judges weakened fed regulation

- study of society - theory should reflect prevailing social conditions - Charles A. Beard - examined past to explain present (believed Constitution was flexible doc for growth and change) - National Consumers League (Florence Kelley): protection of female & child laborers, elimination of potential health hazards, etc (social scientists & physicians reform)

- Social Gospel (Social Darwinism, Gospel of Wealth) - Francis Galton: social philosophy (human character and habits can be inherited) - prevent reproduction of people with bad genes - similar to Nazi racial policies - new immigrants > old

- Jim Crow Laws - not many educated (segregated schools) - separate but equal (Plessy v Ferguson) - move north because of violence (lynchings) - denied legal voting rights - Frederick Douglass (self-assertion) vs. emigration vs. militancy - Booker T. Washington - W.E.B. Du Bois

- Self-help: accommodate to whites for best hopes of assimilation (self-improvement) - Tuskegee Institute: all-black vocational school (alabama) - counseled AAs to work hard, acquire property, prove worthiness - Atlanta Compromise: white and blacks apart but similar goals - welcomed by whites (used as representative of blacks) bc advised patience & not militancy - didn't appeal to educated northern AAs

- Niagara Movement ("anti-bookerites" - militant pursuit for rights) - "Talented Tenth": intellectual vanguard of cultured, educated blacks use skill to pursue racial equality - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

- Society of American Indians (SAI) - "American Indian Days" - cultivate pride & rid of images of savage peoples in Wild West shows (unsuccessful)

- Women's Clubs (taking stands on public affairs) - asserted traditional female responsibilities for home and family as rationale for reforming - factory inspection, regulation of children, women's labor, improved housing & education, consumer protection - AAs - Colored Women's Federation (education) - Charlotte Perkins Giman - denounced Victorian notions of women & that women should must have access to and take jobs in industry and professions - single standard of behavior for men and women - "Comstock laws" (Margaret Sanger): banned publication & distribution of information about sex & contraception & American Birth Control League - Harriet Stanton Blatch (Women's Trade Union & Equality League of Self Supporting Women) - achievement > wealth & refinement - 19th amendment - Carrie Chapman Catt - National American Woman Suffrage Assoc - National Women's Party - Alice Paul

- governor of NY, NY Assembly, NYC Police commissioner, assistant secretary of navy --> political experience - Republican - good vs bad trusts (Northern Securities Company - J.P. Morgan) - gov't = overseer - Bureau of Corporations - help companies merge and expand with government regulation - Hepburn Act: strengthened Interstate Commerce Commission by giving greater authority to set railroad freight rates - Elkins Act: ICC can levy heavy fines against railroads & customers involved in rebates on published shipping rates - Pure Food & Drug Act + Meat Inspection Act: bc of The Jungle by Upton Sinclair about Chicago meatpacking industry - United Mine Workers struck against PA coal mine owners over 8-hour work day & higher pay --> Roosevelt + Arbitration commission (threatened to use federal troops to reopen mines so that management had to accept arbitration which favored higher wages & shorter working hours) - "Square Deal" - invited Booker T. Washington to white house (favored white superiority, neutral to blacks only when benefited him politically) - discharged black soldiers without hearing or trial & prevented them from receiving pay & pensions with no evidence of them having killed a white man - conservation > preservation --> wise use of the land; fed gov't maintain lands in public domain - national parks, reservations - Newlands Reclamation Act - controlled sale of irrigated fed land in West - supported Pinchot (U.S. Forest Service): scientific management of nation's woodlands

- reckless speculations forced NNY banks to close - J.P. Morgan persuaded financiers to stop dumping stocks in order to prevent depositors from withdrawing money - Roosevelt allowed U.S. Steel to absorb Tennessee Iron & Coal Company in return (goes against his trust-busting aims)

- Republican, Roosevelt's successor (won against Bryant) - Payne-Aldrich Tariff: barely reduced tariffs - fired Pinchot- angered conservationists - Mann-Elkins Act - bolstered regulatory powers of the ICC - supported labor reforms - 16th & 17th amendment - compromised with big business but lacked ability to manipulate public

- Roosevelt (Bull Moose, Progressive), Taft, La Follette (National Progressive Republican League), Eugene V. Debs, Woodrow Wilson - Republican vote split

- New Nationalism (Roosevelt) - national unity, gov't coordinates & regulates economic activity, establish experts to protect citizens & use economic power wisely - New Freedom (Wilson) - concentrated economic power threatened individual liberty & monopolies should be broken up so that marketplace can be open, no laissez faire

- Clayton Anti-Trust Act (outlaw corporate practices like price discrimination, aided labor - less gov't interference with boycotts, peaceful strikes, etc) - Federal Trade Commission (FTC) - could investigate companies for unfair practices - Federal Reserve Act - central banking system to break the power of syndicates like J.P Morgan (12 district banks to hold reserves of member banks - could increase/decrease amount of money in circulation --> respond to nation's currency needs) + Federal Reserve Board - could tighten or loosen credit (interest rates fairer) - Underwood Tariff: reduce to encourage imports - Federal Farm Loan Act - 12 federally supported banks to lend money at moderate interest to farmers (sub treasury plan) - Adamson Act: 8-hour work day & time-and-a-half overtime pay for railroad laborers - racist - Smith-Lever Act - fed grants to help agricultural extension education - Keating-Owen Act: prohibited shipment of goods produced by underage children - refused to support women suffrage

Roosevelt v Wilson (advocated no war - peace platform popular with voters)