APUSH Chapter 20 Terms Test Answers – Flashcards
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Industrial Army
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also known as Coxy's Army - a group of unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time.
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Pension Act of 1890
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passed by the United States Congress in 1890, and signed into law by President Benjamin Harrison. It was originally vetoed by Grover Cleveland. The Act provided pensions for all Union Army veterans who had served ninety days and who were unable to perform manual labor, whether or not the cause of their disability was related to their service in the American Civil War. The Act also provided pensions for minors, dependent parents, and widows of veterans.
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Interstate Commerce Commission
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A regulatory body in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. Its original purpose was to to regulate railroads to ensure fair rates, eliminated rate discrimination, & to regulate aspects of common carriers which included interstate bus lines and telephone companies. The Act was abolished in 1995 and was replaced by the Surface Transportation Board.
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William Marcy Tweed
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known as "Boss Tweed", he was the elected to House of Representative and elected to New York Senate. Director of Erie Railroad and third largest landowner in New York. He had a hand in the "Grand Sachem" which extorted around 30 million dollars from the New Yorker's tax dollar. He later dies in jail :(
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James Garfield
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20th president. He strengthened presidential power, appointing many federal offices, some of which he filled with African Americans.Some of his appointments upset certain political establishments, namely that of the New York Tariff office and its previous holder, Konklin. This, along with his refusal of positions to another individual led to his assassination.
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Spoils System
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System originally introduced by Andrew Jackson in which positions were appointed by affiliation, not ability or experience.
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Civil Service Reform Association
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The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (ch. 27, 22 Stat. 403) of United States is a federal law established in 1883 that stipulated that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit.
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Pendleton Act
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a federal law established in 1883 that stipulated that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit.
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Grange
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A farmers' association organized in 1867. It sponsors social activities, community service, and political lobbying.
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Munn v. Illinois
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case decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1876. Munn, a partner in a Chicago warehouse firm, had been found guilty by an Illinois court of violating the state laws providing for the fixing of maximum charges for storage of grain. He appealed, contending that the fixing of maximum rates constituted a taking of property without due process of law. The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws, establishing as constitutional the principle of public regulation of private businesses involved in serving the public interest.
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Patrons of Husbandry
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Fraternal 'farmers union' that was formed to protect farmer's economic and political well-being. founded in 1867, peaking at about 1 million members around 1890.
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Populist Movement
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a movement that developed into the People's Party Platform.
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People's Party Platform
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it summed up two decades of resentment by farmers against a system that they believed ignored their needs and mercilessly exploited them. But it was not just big business to which they objected. The Populists worried that the alliance between business and government would destroy American democracy, and the various proposals they put forward had two aims. The goal was not just to relieve economic pressure on agriculture, but also to restore democracy by eliminating what the Populists saw as the corrupt and corrupting alliance between business and government.
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Homestead Strike
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an industrial lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, between strikers and private security agents at the Homestead Steel Works; one of the most serious disputes in U.S. labor history; Resulted in defeat for the union and a setback for efforts to unionize steelworkers.
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Pullman Strike
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a nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads that occurred in the United States in 1894 in Pullman Illinois. The workers began the strike without Union officials, and brought Railroad traffic west of Chicago to a halt. Involved 250,000 workers at its peak in 17 states
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Eugene V. Debs
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an American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and several times the candidate of the Socialist Party of Americafor President of the United States. Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, he eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States.
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George Pullman
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was an American inventor and industrialist. Bought land in Illinois in 1880 and created his own company town. This was a thriving center of commerce and was deemed the most healthful place to live. However in 1894, business fell off and Pullman cut wages and laid off employees. This caused strikes that had to be countered by military troops sent in by Grover Cleveland. Land was then annexed to Chicago.
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Social Gospel Movement
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a Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the early 20th century. The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such as excessive wealth, poverty, liquor, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war.
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Free Silver Issue
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was a central American policy issue in the late 19th century. Its advocates were in favor of an inflationary monetary policy using the "free coinage of silver" as opposed to the less inflationary Gold Standard; its supporters were called "Silverites". The silverites promoted Bimetallism, that is the use of both silver and gold as currency at the ration of 16 to 1 (16 ounces of silver would be worth 1 ounce of gold). With the actual ratio about 32-1, most economists warned that the cheaper silver would drive the more expensive gold out of circulation.
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Grover Cleveland
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President who served two non-consecutive presidencies. When Coxy's Army came in the panic of 1893, he had them all arrested, and he finally supported the gold standard, which lost him American support.
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Soft Currency
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Currency that has lost value due to the amount of the currency in circulation. used in the Civil War. Usually indicates Economic instability, and depreciation in comparison with other currencies.
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Greenbacks
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A political party, and a currency, the party in turn supporting the use of the currency. The currency was originally used in the Civil war.
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1873 Coinage Act
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Act referred to as 'the crime of '73, where gold became the only standard for coinage. it also replaced or eliminated the half-dime, the three-cent peice, and the two-cent piece.
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McKinley Tariff
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raised the average duty on imports to almost fifty percent, designed to protect domestic industries from foreign competition, supported by Republicns, was fiercly debated by politicians and condemned by Democrats, later replaced with he Wilson-Gorman Tariff in 1894.
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Silver Democrats
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a term used at various times after 1878 to refer to those members of the Democratic Party who advocated replacing the Gold Standard with a policy of bimetallism. The Silver Democrats believed that the free coinage of silver at a ratio of sixteen to one would inflate prices and thus relieve the burden on the nation's depressed farmers. More general use of the term "Silver Democrats" followed the 1893 inauguration of President Grover Cleveland, a Gold Democrat, and his support for repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890.
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William McKinley
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he was the 25th president of the US. He annexed Hawaii. He reformed the Civil Service administration and made it more flexible. William McKinley declared war on Spain. The US gained control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Cuba gained independence.
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William Jennings Bryan
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was an American politician in the late-19th and early-20th centuries. He was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, standing three times as its candidate for President of the United States (1896, 1900 and 1908). He served in the United States Congress briefly as a Representative from Nebraska and was the 41st United States Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1915. Bryan was a devout Presbyterian, a supporter of popular democracy, an enemy of the Gold Standard as well as banks and railroads. He was a leader of the silverite movement in the 1890s, a peace advocate, a prohibitionist, and an opponent of Darwinism on religious grounds. With his deep, commanding voice and wide travels, he was one of the best known orators and lecturers of the era. Because of his faith in the goodness and rightness of the common people, he was called "The Great Commoner."
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"Cross of Gold"
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Speech given by William Jennings Bryant, advocating for Bimetallism and against a gold standard.
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Jim Crow Laws
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Laws that were state or local, and generally enforced in what was once the confederacy. These laws were based upon the 'separate but equal' idea, but were much less than equal.
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in private businesses (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal".
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Grandfather Clause
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A legal term used to describe a situation in which a old law will apply but in all future scenarios the new law will apply
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Imperialism
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A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
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Frederick Douglass
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United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)
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Alfred Thayer Mahan
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was a United States Navy flag officer, geostrategist, and historian, who has been called "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century." His concept of "sea power" was based on the idea that countries with greater naval power will have greater worldwide impact; it was most famously presented in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 (1890). The concept had an enormous influence in shaping the strategic thought of navies across the world, especially in the United States, Germany, Japan and Britain, ultimately causing the World War I naval arms race. His ideas still permeate the U.S. Navy Doctrine. Several ships have been named USS Mahan, including the lead vessel of a class of destroyers.
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John Hay
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was an American statesman, diplomat, author, journalist, and private secretary and assistant to Abraham Lincoln. Hay's highest office was serving as United States Secretary of State under Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt.
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Good Neighbor Policy
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a foreign policy of the administration of the U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt toward the countries of Latin America. Main principle was that of non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America. It reinforced the idea that the U.S. would be a "good neighbor" and engage in reciprocal exchanges with Latin America, overall the administration expected the new policy would create new economic opportunities.
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Great White Fleet
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The Great White Fleet was the popular nickname for the United States Navy Battle Fleet that completed a circumnavigation of the globe from 16 December 1907 to 22 February 1909 by order of Theodore Roosevelt. It consisted of 16 battleships divided into two squadrons, along with various escorts. Roosevelt sought to demonstrate growing American military power and blue-water navy capability.
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Liliuokalani
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(1838-1917) Hawaiian queen; also known as Lydia Paki Liliuokalani. The last reigning queen of the Hawaiian Islands 1891-93, she ascended the throne in 1891. As queen, she fought for the independence of Hawaii. She was deposed by US marines in 1893 and formally renounced her royal claim in 1895.
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Open Door
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a concept in foreign affairs, which usually refers to the policy in 1898 allowing multiple Imperial powers access to China, with none of them in control of that country. As a theory, the Open Door Policy originates with British commercial practice, as was reflected in treaties concluded with Qing Dynasty China after the First Opium War (1839-1842). Although the Open Door is generally associated with China, it was recognized at the Berlin Conference of 1885, which declared that no power could levy preferential duties in the Congo.
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Boxer Rebellion
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was a nationalist movement by the "Righteous Harmony Society" in China between 1898 and 1901, opposing foreign imperialism and Christianity.
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Maine
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A state in the northeastern US, one of the six New England states; capital, Augusta; statehood, Mar. 15, 1820. Visited by John Cabot in 1498 and colonized by England in the 1600s and 1700s, it was annexed to Massachusetts from 1652 until 1820.
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Teller Amendments
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was an amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress, enacted on April 20, 1898, in reply to President William McKinley's War Message. It placed a condition of the United States military in Cuba. According to the clause, the U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of the island to its people."
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Rough Riders
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also known as the 1st United States Volunteer Calvary raised in 1897 because of the Spanish-American War. Since the military had been weakened because if the American Civil War, President William McKinley put Colonel Leonard Wood in command and Theodore Roosevelt second-in-command.
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Platt Amendment
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took the place of the Teller Amendments. It stimulated the conditions for the withdrawal of U.S. troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American War and defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until the 1934 Treaty of Relations.
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Puerto Rico
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an island in the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean Sea; pop. 3,808,610; capital, San Juan. One of the earliest Spanish settlements in the New World, it was ceded to the US in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. In 1952 it became a commonwealth in voluntary association with the US with full powers of local government.
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Virgin Islands
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A group of Caribbean islands at the eastern end of the Greater Antilles, divided between US and British administration. The islands were settled, mainly in the 17th century, by British and Danish sugar planters. The US islands include about 50 islands; pop. 108,000; capital, Charlotte Amalie (on St. Thomas). They were purchased from Denmark in 1917 because of their strategic position.
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Guam
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the largest and southernmost island in the Marianas which is administered as a territory of the United States; it was ceded by Spain to the United States in 1898.
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Theodore Roosevelt
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born into a wealthy family,before becoming President he held offices at the city, state, and federal levels. Was the 26th President, noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement.
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George Dewey
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was an admiral of the United States Navy. He is best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War. He was also the only person in the history of the United States to have attained the rank of Admiral of the Navy, the most senior rank in the United States Navy.
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Emilio Aguinaldo
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was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. He played an instrumental role during the Philippines' revolution against Spain, and the subsequent Philippine-American War or War of Philippine Independence that resisted American occupation.Aguinaldo became the Philippines' first President. He was also the youngest (at age 29) to have become the country's president, the longest-lived president (having survived to age 94) and the president to have outlived the most number of successors.
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Yellow Journalism
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or the yellow press, is a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers.
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William Randolph Hearst
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was an American business magnate and a leading newspaper publisher. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887, after taking control of The San Francisco Examiner from his father. Moving to New York City, he acquired The New York Journal and engaged in a bitter circulation war with Joseph Pulitzer's New York World which led to the creation of yellow journalism — sensationalized stories of dubious veracity. Acquiring more newspapers, Hearst created a chain that numbered nearly 30 papers in major American cities at its peak. He later expanded to magazines, creating the largest newspaper and magazine business in the world
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Joseph Pulitzer
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a Hungarian-American newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World. Pulitzer introduced the techniques of "new journalism" to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s and became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party. He crusaded against big business and corruption. In the 1890s the fierce competition between his World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal introduced yellow journalism and opened the way to mass circulation newspapers that depended on advertising revenue and appealed to the reader with multiple forms of news, entertainment, and advertising. Today, he is best known for posthumously establishing the Pulitzer Prizes
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Treaty of Paris
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signed on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain on the one hand and the United States of America and its allies on the other. The other combatant nations, France, Spain and the Dutch Republic had separate agreements; for details of these, and the negotiations which produced all four treaties, see Peace of Paris (1783).It is most famous for being "exceedingly generous" to the United States in terms of enlarged boundaries.
