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Great American desert

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Vast arid area in the west that included the great plains, the rocky mountains, and the western plateau. Soon it was overtaken by settlers

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100th meridian

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The great plains were west of this vertical line

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Buffalo herds

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Lived and fed on the Great Plains and were hunted by the natives for food, clothing, shelter, and tools.

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Great Plains

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West of the 100th meridian line and had few trees and received less than 15 inches of rain a year and had blizzards and hot dry summers and had bison

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Mineral resources

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The rushes for these gave many territories that ability to become states because of the sheer amount of people to head for the western riches

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Mining frontier; boomtowns

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Gold and silver rushes were the cause of these springing up, many became ghost towns after the gold or silver sources was exhausted and those that lasted were often run more like industrial cities than frontier towns. Often half the population were foreign

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Chinese exclusion act of 1882

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This was passed in congress because native born americans resented the competition. First act of congress to restrict immigration to the US Based on race. Prohibited further immigration to the states by Chinese laborers

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Commercial cities

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...

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Longhorns, vaqueros

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A type of cattle that roamed the Great Plains.

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Cattle drives

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Since the construction of the railroad, this was easier to do. Many towns sprung up along the railroad to handle the millions of cattle brought by this

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Barbed wire

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Homesteaders used this to fence off their land which aided in the end of long cattle drives

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Joseph Glidden

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Inventor of barbed wire

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Homestead Act

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Offered 160 acres of land to any family that settled on it for 5 years

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Dry farming

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Deep plowing techniques to keep the moisture available and reliance on natural rainfall

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Great Plains tribes

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These nomadic tribes of natives including the Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, crow, and Comanche. Used horses to hunt the buffalo

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Southwest tribes

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Nomadic hunter-gatherers that farmed and produced art, included the Navajo and Apache

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Federal treaty policies

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...

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Causes of "Indian wars"

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Over settlement of white settlers on Native American inhabited land caused tension and attempts to restrict the natives to plots of land and reserves failed as the natives refused to stay in and miners refused to stay out if there was gold

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Little Big Horn

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Natives led by sitting bull and crazy horse defeated custer's troops utterly here

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Assimilationists

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Reformers that advocated education, job training, and conversion to Christianity for the natives

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Helen Hunt Jackson

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Wrote the book "a Century of Dishonor" which created sympathizers but also assimilationist

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Dawes Act of 1887

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An act designed to break up tribal organization so that natives could become civilized. Families were distributed into 160 acre land plots

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Ghost Dance Movement

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Believed to bring prosperity bring back to the natives-a last ditch effort. The government tried to suppress the movement and killed more than 200 men women and children in the massacre of wounded knee

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Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

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Adopted by Franklin Roosevelt which promoted the re-establishment of tribes and cultures

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Mexican War Aftermath

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Spanish granted citizenship and granted property rights and Spanish culture was preserved. Often legal difficulties regarding land. Mexicans moved to work on the railroad or farms

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Spanish-speaking areas

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This is where Hispanic culture was preserved, in the New Mexico territories, the border towns, and the barrios of Cali

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Migration for jobs

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Many Mexicans did this so they could work in sugar beet fields, in Colorado mines, or on the western railroad construction

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Deforestation

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Excessive logging and cutting down trees in the west which many were made aware of and sparked conservationist movements

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Yellowstone, Yosemite

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Two national parks, or forest reserves

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Department of Interior

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Advocated creation of forest reserves and federal forest service to protect Federal lands from exploitation

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Conservationists and preservationists

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These believed in the scientific management and regulated use of natural resources. These tried to preserve natural areas from human interference

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Forest Reserve Act of 1891

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Withdrew federal timberlands from development and regulated use.

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Forest Management Act of 1897

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Also withdrew federal timberlands from development and regulated use of natural resources

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"New South"

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Efforts to rebuild the south were expressed in the textual industry, growth of cities, and improved railroads. The cities adapted to newer industries such as steel or lumber

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John Muir, Sierra Club

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A preservationist who was the leading found of this and aimed to preserve natural areas from human interference

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Henry Grady

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The editor of the Atlanta constitution. Spread the idea of the new south with newspapers. A visionary for a self sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation.

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Birmingham (steel)

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An example of the south industrializing and becoming the "new south" in the cities and becoming self sufficient. Steel industry.

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Memphis (lumber)

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An example of the south industrializing and becoming the "new south" in the cities and becoming self sufficient. Lumber industry.

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Richmond (tobacco)

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An example of the south industrializing and becoming the "new south" in the cities and becoming self sufficient. Tobacco.

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Integrated rail network

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The south was added to the national rail network wishing promoted business. New south ideas

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Agriculture's dominance

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Sharecropping and farming remained the central point of southern culture which arguably kept many in poverty

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Sharecropping; tenant farmers

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Since few poor people had the education to learn a trade many were stuck farming land they didn't even own which kept them in a circulation of debt

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George Washington Carver

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An African American scientist at Tuskegee institute in Alabama promoted the growing of peanuts sweet potatoes and soybeans which helped to diversify agriculture

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Tuskegee Institute

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The scientific institute that african American George Washington carver came from who suggested diversifying crops

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White supremacists

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Advocates for policies segregating public facilities to treat african Americans as social inferiors

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Civil Rights cases of 1883

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Ruled that congress couldn't legislate against racial discrimination practiced by private citizens

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Plessy v Ferguson

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Established separate but equal as legal if it didn't violate equal protection under the laws

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Jim Crow laws

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A wave of segregation lass that required all public facilities to have separate washrooms, fountains, benches, and other facilities for blacks

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Literacy tests; poll taxes; grandfather Clauses

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Series of legal and political devices designed to prevent blacks from voting

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White primaries; white juries

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African Americans were not permitted on juries in some places

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Lynch mobs

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Mobs of white supremacists that killed more than 1400 men during the 1890s alone. "Mob justice"

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Economic discrimination

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Kept most African Americans out of skilled trades and even factory jobs and therefore couldn't learn skills to get them to the middle class and remained in farm work

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African American migration

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Bishop Henry Turner formed the International Migration Society to help blacks emigrate back to Africa if they so pleased

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Ida B. Wells

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Editor of Memphis free speech, an African American newspaper, this woman campaigned against lynching and the Jim Crow laws. Death threats and the destruction of her printing press forced her to continue working in the north

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Booker T Washington

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A former slave that graduated from Hampton institute in Virginia and established an industrial and agricultural school for African Americans. He said earning money and economically helping themselves would empower their Race and that advocate for rights were pointless. He also organized the national negro business league. Emphasized racial harmony

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Economic cooperation

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An emphasis of Booker t Washington that won praise from many whites but was too passive for many blacks and advocates for rights for all citizens

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Markets and farmers

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...

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Crop price deflation

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Occurred because of over production

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Railroads and middlemen

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These businesses that were serial to the marketing of produce for the farmers often charged what they wished because there was hardly any competition

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National Grange movement

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Organized by Oliver H Kelly as a social and educational organization for farmers and families. Within 5 years existed in almost every state to defend against middlemen

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Cooperatives

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Businesses owned and run by farmers to save the costs charged by the middlemen.

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Granger laws

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Got laws passed to regulate railroad and elevator rates. Made it illegal to fix rates in pools

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Munn v Illinois

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Upheld the right of a state to regulate business of a public nature, such as railroads

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Wabash v Illinois

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Said that individual state couldn't regular interstate commerce (nullified progress made by grangers)

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Interstate Commerce Commission

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The interstate commerce act created this which had the power to investigate and prosecute pools rebates and other discriminatory practices

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Ocala Platform of 1890

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A national alliance of farmers met to unite against bankers and big businesses

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Census of 1890

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...

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Role of cities, "natures metropolis"

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Historian William Cronon argued that the frontier and cites grew together and supported each other in the beginning.

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Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

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This mans view on the frontier as that it was an evolutionary process essential to Americas development and that it had all but dissapeared

APUSH Chapter 17: The Last West and New South 1865-1900 – Flashcards

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