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Great American Desert

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The vast arid territory that included the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Western Plateau. Known as this before 1860, they were the lands between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast.

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mining frontier

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The discovery of gold in CA in 1848 caused the first flood of newcomers to the West. A series of gold strikes and silver strikes in what became the states of Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota kept a steady flow of hopeful young prospectors pushing into the Western mountains.

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Comstock Lode

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A mine that produced over $340 million in gold and silver by 1890.

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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

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An act passed by Congress in 1882 which prohibited further immigration to the US by Chinese Labourers. Renewed 10 yrs later, this was the first major act of Congress to restrict immigration on the basis of race and nationality.

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cattle drives

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Drives in which cattle were collected from the frontier and placed on trains to ship to major cities like Chicago.

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cowboys; vaqueros

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Mexican cowboys who raised and rounded up cattle.

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barbed wire

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Wire fencing used by homesteaders to cut off access to the formerly open range

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farming frontier

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The period of time in which hundreds of thousands of citizens moved west and began to farm the frontier, very much due to the Homestead Act of 1862

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Great plains

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The frontier that was settled by thousands during the Homestead Act of 1862

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Oklahoma Territory

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A territory that was once set aside for use by Native Americans that was thrown open for settlement in 1889.

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Frederick Jackson Turner; frontier thesis

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An historian who wrote an influential essay, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History." 1893. He argued that 300 years of frontier experience had played a fundamental role in shaping the unique character of American Society. His thesis stated that the frontier experience had promoted a habit of independence and individualism.

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Reservations

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Large tracks of land assigned to plains tribes, with definite boundaries.

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Indian Wars

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Sporadic outbursts of fighting between US troops and plains people.

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Sitting Bull

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A leader in the Red River War against the Comanche, and a second Sioux War. Famous Sioux Medicine Man.

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Crazy Horse

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A leader in the Red River War against the Comanche, and a second Sioux War. (2)

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George Custer; Little Big Horn

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A commander that was defeated by the Sioux Indians at Little Big Horn in 1876.

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Chief Joseph

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A man who led a band of Nez Perce Indians into Canada. The effort was ended in defeat and surrender in 1877.

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Helen Hunt Jackson/A Century of Dishonor

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The author of the book: A Century of Dishonor. (1881)

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Assimilationists

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Humanitarians who emphasized formal education and training and conversion to Christianity.

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Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

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A new approach designed to break up tribal organizations. New policy proved a failure.

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Ghost Dance Movement

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The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement.

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Wounded Knee

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A massacre in which over 200 Native American men, women, and children were gunned down by the US army in the Dakotas. Marked the end of the Indian Wars.

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Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

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An act that promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture. (Introduced by FDR in the 1930s)

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New South

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The vision of some southerners of a self-sufficient Southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation.

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Crop Lien System

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The borrowing of supplies by farmers from local merchants with a lien, or mortgage on their crops to be paid at harvest.

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George Washington Carver

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An African American scientist at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, who promoted the growing of such crops as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans.

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Tuskegee Institute

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A scientific institute in Alabama.

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Farmers' Southern Alliance

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An organization that rallied behind political reforms to solve the farmers' economic problems.

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Colored Farmers' National Alliance

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An organization for coloured farmers who rallied behind political reforms to solve the farmers' economic problems.

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Segregation Laws

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Laws created by the "Redeemers" in order to treating African Americans as social inferiors by separating them from whites in public facilities.

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Civil Rights Cases of 1883

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A case in which the court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens, which included railraods, hotels, and other businesses used by the public.

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Plessy vs. Ferguson

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A landmark case in which the Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law requiring "separate but equal accommodations" for white and black passengers on railroads. The Court ruled that the Louisiana law did not violate the 14th amendment's guarantee of "equal protection of the laws."

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Jim Crow Laws

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A wave of segregation laws commonly known as this _________.

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grandfather clause; poll tax; literacy test

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The most common obstacles to prevent southern blacks from voting. The grandfather clause made it impossible for anyone to vote who didn't have a grandfather who had placed ballots in elections BEFORE reconstruction.

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Henry Turner

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A bishop who formed the International Migration Society in 1894 to help American blacks emigrate to Africa.

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Ida B. Wells, Memphis Free Speech

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Editor of the Memphis Free Speech, a black newspaper, who devoted her efforts to campaigning against lynching and the Jim Crow laws.

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Booker T. Washington

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A former slave who had graduated from Hampton Institute. In 1881, he established an industrial and agricultural school at Tuskegee, Alabama, which he built into the largest and best-known industrial school in the nation.

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National Negro Business League

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A league which established 320 chapters across the country to support businesses owned and operated by African Americans.

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Commercial Farming

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As time went on, farmers began to depend on large, expensive machinery, and stores for goods. Many small farms were unable to afford the equipment, thus causing them to be driven out of business.

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Crop-Price Deflation

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Increased American production as well as global competition from farms in Argentina, Russia, and Canada drove prices down for wheat, cotton, and other crops.

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National Grange Movement

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Organized by Oliver H. Kelley primarily as a social and educational organization for farmers and their families. By the 1870s however, the Grange organized economic ventures and took political action to defend members against the middlemen, trusts, and railroads.

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Cooperatives

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Businesses owned and run by the farmers to save the costs charged by middlemen.

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Granger laws

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Laws that regulated the rates charges by railroads and elevators; they also made it illegal for railroads to fix prices by means of pools and to give rebates to privileged customers.

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Munn vs. Illinois

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In this case, the Supreme Court upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads.

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Wabash vs. Illinois

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A case in which the Supreme Court ruled that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce. In effect, the Court's decision nullified many of the state regulations achieved by the Grangers.

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Interstate Commerce Act (1886)

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Required railroad rates to be "reasonable and just." It also set up the first federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission, or the ICC, which had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices.

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Farmers' alliances

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Alliances formed in different states and regions to serve farmers' needs for education in the latest scientific methods as well as for organized economic and political action.

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National Alliance

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the potential of the farmers' alliances became reality in 1890 when a national organization of farmers met in Ocala, Florida, to address the problems of rural America,.

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Ocala Platform

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A platform that would have significant impact in later years: They supported 1) direct election of US senators, 2) lower tariff rates, 3) a graduated income tax, and 4) a new banking system regulated by the federal govt.

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