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Corrupt Bargain

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the nickname for the Election of 1824, when no candidate received the majority of the electoral votes, so the race went in the hands of the House of Representatives. The H.O.R then elected John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson. People thought this was fixed and unfair, and that Henry Clay convinced the Congress to make this decision.

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King Mob

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Andrew Jackson was referred to as this because he was always surrounded by crowds of people, and this "mob populism" and this name was created by the people who DON'T believe that he is an advocate for the "common man".

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Pet Banks

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the banks created by Andrew Jackson within the States. He was not in favor of the national, federal bank, so when he eliminated it he called for the federal funds to go to the state banks such as these.

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Second Bank of US

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Chartered in 1816 and was prosperous under Nicholas Biddle. Jackson was not in favor of the federal banking system, and vetoed its bill for the renewal.

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Andrew Jackson

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7th president of US, term from March 4th, 1829- March 4th, 1837,who was well known for the Indian Removal Act, the Cherokee Trail of Tears, the seizure of Spanish Florida, the battle of New Orleans, the declaration of war on the Federalist bank of America, the creation of the spoils system, and the pursuing of all Indian lands east of the Mississippi River.

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Anti-Masonic Party

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the official 3rd party, formed chiefly after the disappearance of William Morgan, a freemason

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Anti-Slavery

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Era against slavery, supported by Abolitionists, mostly in North

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Black Hawk

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Leader of Sauk Indian Tribe in US who fought in the war of 1812 on the side of the British through the geographic areas of what are now Wisconsin and Illinois. Was known for being a war hero in the Black Hawk War

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Common Man

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Always held an importance in American legislature, but Jackson put it at the top of his priority list and made an effort to so everything in support of it. This made him appealing to the general, working public without family riches.

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Daniel Webster

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Both the 14th and 19th secretary of state, member of house of representatives, part of the Whig Party, Lawyer.

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Democratic Party

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Andrew Jackson deemed the first president of the Modern Democratic Party. Believed that the government should be limited, and opposed a nationwide federalist banking system.

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Democratic-Republican Party

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Political party founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in the 1790s. Party dominated congress and mostly all states, excluding New England. Started declining with the rise of Andrew Jackson, lost much support. Then evolved into Whig Party.

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Force Bill

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Authorized Jackson to use soldiers and military force to enforce acts and decisions of Congress, and as a threat if they reduce to pay the mandatory tariffs

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Henry Clay

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8th, 10th, and 13th speaker of the house of representatives, from Kentucky, it is commonly thought that he convinced congress to vote for John Quincy Adams over Jackson during the election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain). He was a republican and a leader of the War hawks along with John C. Calhoun, emphasizing his favor for a war with Britain and his key role in the outbreak of the war of 1812. Known to be a "Great Compromiser" and settled many compromises about slavery and nullification. Was in fact a slave owner, but freed them in his Will.

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Indian Removal Policy

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(1830) signed into law by Andrew Jackson, very controversial, widely accepted in South. States were eager to gain the land that was occupied by the tribes in the Cherokee Nation. This act was extremely inhumane, and supported by the majority of the European Americans

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John C. Calhoun

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From South Carolina, War hawk along with Henry Clay, Vice President under both Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams, Connected with the Peggy Eaton Affair, Nullification, Sec of War/Sec of State, Republican.

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John Quincy Adams

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Sixth president of the United States, had previously been in House of representatives. He was republican, and sought to modernize the economy while promoting education. He was selected by the House of Representatives at the election of 1824, when there was a draw between he and Andrew Jackson in terms of electoral vote.

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Kitchen Cabinet

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the group of unofficial advisors that Jackson met with during his presidential term. They helped him make important decisions about policy, however were not his officially selected cabinet.

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Nicholas Biddle

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President of the Second Bank of the United States, tries to get bank re-instated with a new charter to expand length, but Jackson denies. Biddle tries to turn nation against Jackson by financial/economic debt.

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Nullification

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the idea that the US State can invalidate any federal law deemed unconstitutional.

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Panic of 1837

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Bank panic, economic depression, huge amount of unemployment in nation.

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Rotation in office

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Changing the people in office to provide new ideas; under the spoil system of Jackson

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Seminole Indians

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only tribe in America to sign a peace treaty; of Florida.

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South Carolina Exposition and Protest

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protest against tariff of abominations, written by John C. Calhoun; emphasized that the state has the right to reject federal law.

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Specie Circular

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Jackson says you can only pay for land in hard currency, Jackson declares war on the bank.

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Spoils System

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the system in which you put your friends in office so that everyone is supporting you. This was the first mention of any sort of "rotation in office"

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Tariff of 1832

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Proposed by John Quincy Adams as a protectionist tariff, but also in response to the tariff of 1828, and an attempt to remedy the created conflicts.

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Tariff of 1833

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Proposed by Clay and Calhoun as a response to the Nullification Crisis.

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Tariff of Abominations

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passed in northern US to protect industry, imported goods low priced, so a tax was put on them. The south suffered from this tax in that they had to pay a higher price on the goods that their region didn't support or produce.

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Trail of Tears

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Jackson seized a lot of Indian land in 1838, and stripped them of their rights of owning property. Many died from starvation and disease on their hard journey to new lands.

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Commonwealth vs. Hunt

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Landmark Supreme Court Case in 1842; Massachusetts court declared that labor unions were legal & had the right to strike for better wages. Significant in that it was the first PRO-Union case.

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Cotton Gin

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leading cash crop in the South and the rest of the entire nation, a big export to England, benefitted the North and South. North benefitted from transportation and sale, while the South benefitted from producing it.

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Eli Whitney

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an American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged

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Lowell Factory System

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a famous textile factory system that persuaded parents to allow their daughters to leave home to work in the mills. Lowell owners set up boarding houses with strict rules on behavior, established lecture halls, churches, and even had a periodical edited by the women. 12 hour work days, better conditions than in Britain

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Cult of domesticity

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women were supposed to abide by a set of virtues and responsibilities, were deemed the moral guardians of society. In an increasingly industrial society, husbands began to work away from the home in factories or offices, and their wives stayed at home and engaged in domestic pursuits. This helped create a view that men should support their families while women stayed at home.

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Nativism

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racism towards immigrants

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Pony Express

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fast mail service, developed during civil war era for fast communication with the west.

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Robert Fulton

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developed the first commercially successful steamboat

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Samuel Morse

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created single-wire telegraph system, and co-founded the Morse Code, which was a way of transmitting textual information by tones, lights, and clicks, without the use of special equipment.

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Tammany Hall

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In NYC, big role in politics and helping immigrants, most prominently the Irish. Also controlled Democratic Party nominations.

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Unitarianism

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Christian theological movement; "the understanding of God as one person"

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Burned Over District

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In New York, where religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening occurred

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Brigham Young

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He led the Mormon people after they suffered religious persecution, including the massacre at Nauvoo, Illinois that took the life of Joseph Smith (founder of the Mormon church). After Smith's death, he led the Mormons to Utah and founded Salt Lake City.

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Charles Finney

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Leader in the 2nd Great Awakening, opposed to old Presbyterian theology, advocate for social reforms.

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Communitarianism/Utopian Socialism

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ideology that emphasizes the connection between the individual and the community, and the modern socialist thoughts of prominent figures such as Robert Owen.

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Dorothea Dix

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lobbied for the mentally ill, created the first generation of American Mental Asylums (no longer put in jail like criminals)

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Henry David Thoreau

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author who was most famous for his opinions on individual resistance to civil government, but also his ideals about simple living in natural surroundings. His works were well respected.

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Joseph Smith

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Mormon who founded a church, and in 1827, receives "visions" and published them, however is killed for his controversial beliefs.

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Mormons-The CHurch of Latter Day Saints

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Headquartered in Salt Lake, Utah, and started by Joseph Smith. Also known as the Mormon Church. Considered to be a restoration of the early church of Jesus Christ.

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

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leader of transcendental movement, declaring intellectual independence from Europe, everyone had a "spark of divinity" within them.

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Robert Owen

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Founder of Utopian Socialism and the cooperative movement, believed that nobody was responsible for his or her own actions, because people are products of the environment and its influence on us. Supported education, capital investment, and labor reform.

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Second Great Awakening

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Christian revival movement during the early 19th century, stressed that every person could be "saved" through revivals, religion through heart, not head. Reaction against New England and their straight-laced Presbyterians.

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Transcendentalism

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philosophical movement that started in New England in the 1830's and 1840s, belief that society, along with its organized political parties and religions, corrupted the individual.

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Abolitionism

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Movement to end slavery

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American Anti-Slavery Society

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(1833-1870) society of Abolitionists, founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. Key leader in society was former slave, Fredrick Douglass

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