APUSH chapter 11,12,13 – Flashcards
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The South in the early nineteenth century was a tri-racial culture that included whites, blacks (predominately slaves), and Native Americans. Yet, as the century progressed, the South became increasingly biracial.
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True At the outset of the nineteenth century, the American South was home to white southerners, blacks, and Native Americans. The Indian Removal Act, and the subsequent wars between the United States and various Native Americans tribes, ethnically cleansed the South of its indigenous Native American population.
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What role did the plantation elites play in southern society, and what level of influence did they exercise?
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Southern elites exercised a profound and disproportionate amount of political, social, and economic influence in southern society
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Slaves were offered the sole luxury of being able to practice their religion together as a community.
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False The dynamic religion of African American culture was often practiced in secret because many slaveholders feared that slaves would use these services to organize revolts. Many owners attempted to eliminate African religion and spirituality from the slave experience.
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The quickest way to wealth and social status in the nineteenth-century South was by owning, working, and selling slaves.
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True Slavery was one of the fastest-growing facets of national life during the first half of the nineteenth century.
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Southern women were held to the same standard of Christian purity as their husbands because of the elite code of honor.
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False Husbands and sons were permitted to partake in all manners of self-indulgence, while southern women were expected to adhere to the strictest standards of Christian virtue. This often meant that husbands would father mixed-race children with slaves residing in the same households as their wives.
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Identify the various activities that were forbidden to slaves through formal slave codes in each state.
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Correct 1.Slaves could not hit a white man, even in self-defense. 2.Some codes made it a crime for slaves to learn to read and write. 3.Slaves could not gather in groups of more than three. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.Some codes forced slaves to carry the daily haul of cotton into town for trading.
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Identify the various ways that slaves resisted their masters, other than attempting to escape the confines of their farms or plantations.
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Correct 1.They faked illnesses. 2.They destroyed crops or livestock. 3.They stole or broke farming tools. 4.They engaged in sabotage. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.
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Identify the common duties of a plantation mistress.
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Correct 1.She took care of and supervised the domestic household. 2.She oversaw the preparation of meals and prepared the linens. 3.She oversaw the delivery of children, including those of household slaves. 4.She oversaw care of the infirm. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.She helped manage the financial aspects of the plantation business.
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The Deslondes rebellion terrified white southerners more than any other slave revolt and led to a statewide mandate that all white children learn to read.
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False It was Nat Turner's Rebellion that horrified southern whites the most. The Virginia legislature did not mandate literacy among white children in response. Rather, it restricted slaves from learning to read and write, and forbade them from gathering for religious meetings.
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Identify the ways in which enslaved peoples created a sense of family and camaraderie within the slave system.
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Correct 1.Co-workers were referred to as "sis" or "brother." 2.Older slave women were addressed as "granny." 3.They created a sense of extended family among their co-workers to cope with the fragility of the family. Incorrect 1.Children always stayed close to their parents.
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In 1861, a South Carolinian stated, "slavery with us is no abstraction—but a great and vital fact. Without it, our every comfort would be taken from us." What pressing issue was he referencing, and how did that issue affect southern states?
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Correct 1.He was referring to the institution of slavery as the central issue controlling everything in the South. 2.The ability of southerners to own, transport, and sell slaves in the West became the paramount focus of southern politicians. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.The issue of slavery was extremely contentious among southern states, and they varied in their support of the institution. 2.Southerners insisted that slavery be separated from the political system so that southern states would be allowed to make their own decisions regarding slavery.
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Overseer
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Generally this was a white laborer who supervised all slaves on a plantation to make sure they worked hard and efficiently. This position was infrequently given to slaves.
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Planter
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This was the business owner and manager of a cash crop plantation.
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Driver
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Typically, this was the highest position that a slave could achieve. It involved overseeing a small group of slaves.
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The rise in the slave population was a direct result of an increase in American participation in the African slave trade.
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False This population increase mainly occurred naturally through slave births, as Jefferson and Congress outlawed American involvement with the African slave trade in 1808.
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The Denmark Vesey Revolt
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This plot was hatched in 1822 in South Carolina, led by a Caribbean native who planned to kill all the whites in the city of Charleston, as well as blacks that refused to participate in the revolt. The plot never got off the ground.
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Charles Deslondes
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In 1811, a slave overseer and his fellow slaves broke into their owner's plantation house and hacked his son to death. This was the largest slave revolt in America history.
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Nat Turner's Rebellion
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This rebellion took place in Virginia in 1831, led by a trusted black overseer who claimed God had told him to lead a slave revolt. He and a small group of slaves killed their owner's family and continued to do so at other farmhouses, where he recruited other slaves to participate.
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Gabriel Prosser
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In 1800, an enslaved blacksmith hatched a revolt and planned to kidnap governor James Monroe and overthrow the white elite.
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The South was a primarily agricultural economy centered on the production of cotton, but a number of other cash crops were common as well. Identify any cash crops that were commonly grown in the American South.
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Correct 1.Tobacco 2.Rice 3.Sugar Can 4.Indigo Incorrect Answer(s) 1.Coffee
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plain white folk
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Most southern whites were included in this social class. They were typically small farmers who owned few to no slaves.
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poor whites
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This was the lowest social class of white southerners.
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freed men
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This was the lowest social class in southern society.
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planters
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This group included members of the most elite social class in southern society.
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Each of the following contributed to the formation of southern identity and culture. Put the various events in chronological order.
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1.The slave revolt breaks out on the French controlled sugar island of Saint-Domingue. 2.The African slave trade officially ends. 3.By 1840, the majority of Native Americans have been ethnically cleansed from the South; most move west. 4.Mary Henderson Eastman argues for the necessity of slavery in the South in her book Southern Life As It Is.
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sugar
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This crop required expensive machinery to grind the crop so that it would release syrup.
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rice
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This was the most expensive crop to cultivate because of the extensive preparation it required: floodgates, irrigations ditches, and machinery. It was only produced in coastal areas.
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tobacco
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Cultivation of this crop moved westward to Kentucky and as far as Missouri after fields in the Chesapeake lost their fertility.
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How did Jefferson's decision to ban American involvement in the African slave trade impact the institution of slavery in the United States?
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Correct 1.An increasing number of children were separated from their parents, and husbands from wives. 2.Selling slaves for profit developed into big business. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.Slaves from the South were sold and moved to Virginia as the state attempted to reestablish its tobacco industry. 2.Slave trading significantly diminished, and masters were stuck with large enslaved families that they could not get rid of.
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Complete the passage below regarding slave life on southern farms and plantations.
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Just like the white community, the norm for the slave community was the nuclear family, with the father regarded as the head of the household. Slave marriages had no legal status, but many owners accepted unofficial marriages as a stabilizing influence on the plantation. Childhood was short for slaves and they became full-time field hands by the age of ten.
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It was common for the richest southern planters to have more than 1,000 slaves working their plantation.
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False The census of 1860 registered only one slave owner in the entire United States who owned more than 1,000 slaves. The cost of slaves was prohibitively expensive for many individuals to accumulate so many.
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What was the primary reason that the American South did not industrialize in the same way as the North?
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The earlier prosperity of plantation-style cash crop cultivation did not incentivize a shift towards manufacturing and industrialization.
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What role did honor play in southern elite society?
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Honor served as the foundation of a social code among southern elites.
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What was the primary driver of the southern economy through 1860?
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Europeans, primarily the British and French, demanded raw southern cotton.
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How did the rapid westward expansion of the United States shape the political competition between the North and the South?
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Correct Answer(s) 1.The politics of western states had a drastic effect on the balance of power between free and slave states in Congress, so both the North and the South fought to incorporate new states that embraced their views on the issue of slavery. 2.The incorporation of new western states had a profound impact on the future of slavery and the southern way of life; as a result, southerners tried to make new states "slave," as opposed to free, "states." Incorrect Answer(s) 1.The rise of the American West divided power in three ways, a change from the previous North-South split, but otherwise it did not impact existing centers of power. 2.The rise of the West aided the South in maintaining its agricultural economy because most newly emerging states embraced slavery.
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Analyze the following quotation, and identify its relationship to the fears of white plantation owners in the Lower South: "'For our declaration of independence,' one of the rebel leaders announced, 'we should have the skin of a white man for parchment, his skull for an inkwell, his blood for ink, and a bayonet for a pen!' PAGE 351
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The quotation refers to one of the leaders of the Haitian Revolution following the overthrow of the French colonial regime on the island of Saint-Domingue. Following the revolution, Saint-Domingue became the Republic of Haiti.
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Complete the passage below regarding slavery in the South. PAGE 362
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Most of the slaves across the South were field hands, divided into work gangs and supervised by either a black driver or white overseer. Plantation slaves were usually housed in wooden shacks with dirt floors. Slaves of the wealthiest planters lived in brick cabins. Slaves received clothes twice a year with shoes generally distributed only in winter. For most of the year slaves went barefoot.
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What does the African American folklore story of "Brer Rabbit" reveal about life for those who were enslaved? PAGE 366
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African Americans devised ingenious ways of resisting their confinement by forging their own sense of community and inventing stories of resistance.
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The economic downturn on the eastern seaboard during the 1820s and 1830s caused hundreds of thousands of settlers to move west, where one acre of land could produce 500 pounds more cotton than an acre in South Carolina. PAGE 353
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True The low cost of land and fertile soil in areas like Alabama offered an appealing alternative to the economic downturn on the eastern seaboard. As a result, hundreds of thousands of settlers moved westward in hopes of building a cash crop fortune.
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Complete the passage below describing slavery in the nineteenth century. PAGE 360
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After the American Revolution, slavery became a highly regulated institution and one of lifetime service. Slaves were treated like property, and babies born to slave parents became slaves at birth. Formal slave codes governed the treatment and activities of slaves. Despite the various restrictions and brutalities, slaves succeeded in creating their own community and culture within the confines of this institution.
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Identify the greatest fear shared by southern whites and how this concern was dealt with in southern states.
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Correct Answer(s) 1.Slave owners implemented brutal strategies to intimidate slaves and deter them from resistance. 2.Slave uprisings were the greatest fear among southern whites. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.Slave owners implemented an unprecedented strategy of reuniting slaves with their families as a way of deterring revolts. 2.The reproduction of enslaved peoples was the greatest fear among southern whites as they attempted to control the African American population.
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In the South, free people of color occupied an uncertain status between slavery and freedom. However, they had more rights than slaves. Identify the various privileges enjoyed by free persons of color in the South.
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Correct Answer(s) 1.They could pass on their property to their children. 2.They could enter into contracts. 3.They could own property, including their own slaves. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.They were able to travel freely to other states.
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How did increased economic prosperity facilitate the participation of women in the reform movements of the nineteenth century? PAGE 391
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The rise of the urban middle class allowed women to devote more time to societal issues.
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The concept of Deism that had influenced many of the leaders of the American Revolution sparked criticism of conventional religion from the Deistical societies that emerged in the early nineteenth century. What was the philosophy advanced by Deists? PAGE 376
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Correct Answer(s) 1.Deists prized science and reason over traditional religion and blind faith. 2.Deists believed in a rational god. 3.Deists believed all people were created as equals. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.Deists believed in restricting the speech of opposition groups. 2.Deists believed in the miracles of Jesus.
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Seneca Falls Convention PAGES 393-395
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Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to discuss the condition of the rights of women
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Susan B. Anthony PAGES 393-395
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Focused on women's suffrage after the Civil War.
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Declaration of Sentiments PAGES 393-395
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Said that laws that placed women in an inferior position in relation to men had no authority.
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Walt Whitman PAGES 393-395
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Published Leaves of Grass
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What were some of the main beliefs found in nineteenth-century transcendentalism? PAGES 386-387
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Correct Answer(s) 1.People should find spirituality within themselves, instead of simply following the guidance of religious leaders and organized religion. 2.Reality is not only what can be experienced by the senses. 3.All people have the capacity for self-realization. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.They believed that a limited monarchy would be the strongest form of government
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Analyze the following quotation from Henry David Thoreau: "If the law is of such a nature that it requires you to be an agent of injustice to another, then, I say, break the law." What idea did Thoreau develop in this quotation? PAGE 388-389
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Thoreau wrote about civil disobedience, an idea that grew out of the transcendentalist emphasis on radical individualism. Civil disobedience would later influence Martin Luther King, Jr.
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Complete the passage explaining why reformers wanted "a system of education that shall embrace equally all the children of the state, of every rank and condition." PAGE 395
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The Constitution gave political power to the people, thus education was important to foster responsible citizens in a democratic republic. By the nineteenth century, more Americans than citizens of any country in the world could read. Children were usually educated in private schools or at home. In the nineteenth century, reformers wanted to extend education to the masses, whether rich or poor. The Workingmen's party in particular called for free public schools to give all children a chance to pursue the American dream.
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Put in chronological order the following events of the anti-slavery movement. PAGES 398-404
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1.The American Colonization Society creates an African repatriation platform. 2.David Walker, a free black man, denounces Christian hypocrisy for supporting slavery in Walker's Appeal. 3.William Lloyd Garrison's The Liberator demands an immediate end to the immoral practice of slavery. 4.The American Anti-Slavery Society is funded by the Tappans, evangelical reformers. 5.A split in the American Anti-Slavery Society expands the abolitionist movement to women's rights. 6.Abolitionist newspaperman Elijah Lovejoy is killed by mob violence in Illinois. 7.The Liberty Party is established to elect an anti-slavery president. 8.Harriet Tubman risks everything to help thousands of slaves escape through the Underground Railroad.
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Complete the passage below describing the relationship between the Romantic movement and the Enlightenment. PAGES 385-386
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The Romantic movement represented a shift away from the rationalism of the Enlightenment. Romantics emphasized feelings and mystical experiences over the rational.
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Why did William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of The Liberator and outspoken leader in the anti-slavery movement, believe that the U.S. Constitution was "a covenant with death and an agreement with hell?"
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Garrison believed that the United States could not support the institution of slavery while proclaiming the ideal of liberty.
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How did most white abolitionists view the idea of complete equality for African Americans?
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Many white abolitionists believed that whites were superior to blacks and did not support the idea of equality.
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How did Baptist and Methodist theology change the practice of religion in nineteenth-century America?
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Correct Answer(s) 1.Believing in greater social equality, Baptists and Methodists encouraged frontier revivals. 2.Seeking to include all peoples, Methodists and Baptists actively recruited African Americans to their congregations. 3.Baptists and Methodists believed that all people could be saved. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.Methodists spread the idea of predestination. 2.Baptists violently challenged Anglicans for power in southern states.
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In response to the rise of the abolitionist movement, how did slaveholders justify slavery? PAGE 405
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Correct Answer(s) 1.Supporters of slavery argued that the Bible did not prohibit slavery. 2.Supporters of slavery argued that whites would have to compete with blacks for jobs if slavery were to end. 3.Supporters argued that slavery benefitted the "uncivilized" Africans by exposing them to Christianity and giving them a better life than they would have had in Africa. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.Supporters of slavery argued that since slavery was legal in Britain, the United States should keep the institution. 2.Supporters of slavery argued that African Americans were too intelligent and needed to be held as slaves to protect the status quo.
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Complete the passage below describing the factors that influenced the Second Great Awakening. PAGE 377-378
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America's economic growth in the first half of the nineteenth century transformed American life. With prosperity came increasing materialism and social change. Such changes helped encourage a second period of religious revivalism, during which evangelical ministers preached against excess and declared salvation by free will. The result was that more and more Americans joined churches.
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Identify the approaches that the Auburn Penitentiary used to reform criminals, as well as the results of this new model of confinement. PAGE 392
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Correct Answer(s) 1.Prisoners had separate cells. 2.Prisoners gathered for group labor and meals. 3.Prison workshops created goods to be sold at a profit. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.Prisoners were physically abused to punish them for their crimes. 2.Prisoners were not permitted to do forced labor, so that they would focus more on rehabilitation. 3.Prisoners were housed in communal areas to facilitate communication and rehabilitation.
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Describe how transcendentalism influenced American literature. PAGE 389
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Many new American writers produced the first great age of American literature.
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Shakers
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• founded by Ann Lee • encouraged celibacy • used a ritual dance as part of their worship
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Oneida Community
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• founded by John Humphrey Noyes • was based on the idea of "complex marriage"
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Brook Farm
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• inspired by transcendentalism • survived because of a school that drew tuition-paying students from outside the community
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Complete the passage below describing how the anti-slavery movement influenced the women's rights movement. PAGE 401
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Angeline and Sarah Grimké, abolitionist sisters from a slave-holding family in South Carolina, spoke to audiences that contained men and women about ending slavery. This outraged some of the leadership of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and the sisters were told to limit their speaking to audiences of women. They refused "a subordinate relation" and began to champion equality and women's rights, linking the effort to abolish African slavery with their efforts to abolish the "domestic slavery" of women by traditional men.
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Identify the goals of the women's rights movement.
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Correct Answer(s) 1.the right to vote 2.the right to control their own property 3.the ability to find gainful employment Incorrect Answer(s) 1.the right to leave the house alone 2.the right to assemble peacefully
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Identify the changes in American society that led to a split in the anti-slavery movement.
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Correct Answer(s) 1.Some believed that Garrison's nonviolent approach to the anti-slavery movement would not lead to success. 2.The Grimké sisters demanded that women should be able to participate equally in the Anti-Slavery Society. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.Garrison and his supporters did not want to give equal rights to free African Americans. 2.The Liberty Party formed and would not allow former slaveholders to join the movement.
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Deist Societies PAGES 376-379
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believed in a rational God, prizing science and reason over traditional religion
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Unitarianism PAGES 376-379
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emphasized the oneness and compassion of a loving God and the natural goodness of humankind
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Universalism PAGES 376-379
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attracted the working poor, and stressed that salvation was available to everyone
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Complete the passage below describing the "free soilers." PAGE 405
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The issue of slavery increasingly divided the North and the South. By the middle of the nineteenth century, many Whigs decided that slavery should not be allowed to expand into the western territories.
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Analyze the painting. Religious revivalism. Frontier revivals and prayer meetings ignited religious fervor within both minister and participant. In this 1830s camp meeting, the women are so intensely moved by the sermon that they shed their bonnets and fall to their knees. What does it reveal about how women participated in camp meetings and frontier revivals? PAGES 380-381
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In camp meetings, some women found opportunities to participate as equal parishioners to men. Some women even preached the gospel.
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Frederick Douglass PAGES 399-404
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• wrote an autobiography describing his experiences as a slave • published the North Star, an abolitionist newspaper in New York
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Sojourner Truth PAGES 399-404
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• spoke about the evils of slavery • decried the inequality of women
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Harriet Tubman PAGES 399-404
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Used the Underground Railroad to personally free about 300 slaves.
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Ralph Waldo Emerson PAGES 387-390
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encouraged Americans to end their dependence on European culture, and advocated self-reliance
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Emily Dickinson PAGES 387-390
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wrote almost 2,000 poems that explored abstract themes such as life, death, fear, and God
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Walt Whitman PAGES 387-390
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wrote the controversial Leaves of Grass, which was banned in Boston for its sexual references
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Complete the passage below describing how Americans' view of God evolved as the ideas of the Enlightenment took hold in the United States. PAGE 377
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The old view of humanity as sinful evolved as religion was influenced by the Enlightenment rationalism that stressed that humans were good and all were equal. This rationalism affected the emergence of Unitarians and Universalists, as believers began to take on a more positive view of human nature and stress God's loving nature, abandoning the idea of predestination—that God selected only a chosen few for salvation. Many adopted the belief that a people who were all capable of good works should follow the example of Christ's perfection in the world through social reforms and individual improvement.
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Complete the passage below describing how the reform movement influenced the treatment of the mentally ill, the disabled, children, prisoners, and other vulnerable peoples. PAGES 392-393
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Asylums were places dedicated to the treatment of social ills. The popular belief at the time was that if the insane were removed from society, they could be cured. However, in reality, people in asylums were abused. Eventually, reformers such as Dorothea Dix focused on reforming asylums and prisons to greatly improve how prisoners were treated.
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How did the expanded role of women in religion influence social life in America?
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Women began to pursue social reforms, such as the right to vote and education for women.
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Throughout the United States—in the North, the South, and the West—Americans were uniformly in favor of an expansionist war with Mexico. PAGE 434
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False Americans in the South were heavily in favor of an expansionist war because they believed it would allow for the extension of slavery westward. Many in the North opposed the war because they viewed it as a war of aggression and an opportunity to expand slavery.
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What was the Wilmot Proviso, and how did it impact the national debate over slavery?
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Correct Answer(s) 1.It claimed that if any new territory should be acquired from Mexico, slavery would be banned in that new land. 2.It reignited the debate over the status of slavery in the West. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.It proposed that, with the exception of Texas, all new territory acquired from Mexico would have the choice to become a free or slave state. 2.It ignited a new controversy regarding the status of Texas, as the proviso urged that this large territory remain free of slavery, despite its location among various other slave states.
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Whig Party
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Resisting the annexation of Texas
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Liberty Party
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Anti-Slavery movement
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Democratic Party
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Promoting southern and western expansion
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What was the most significant motivator for Americans to move west across the Mississippi River? PAGE 420
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The majority of settlers were looking for a chance to improve their economic standing. "To make money was their chief object," said a pioneer woman in Texas, "all things else were subsidiary to it."
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The majority of American settlers who traveled west to California did so by sea during the 1830s and 1840s, leading up to the discovery of gold in 1848. PAGE 420
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False Most took the trails.
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The lower southern states cited various grievances against the federal government as reasons for seceding. They chose to leave out the issue of slavery in order to gain legitimacy from the Union. PAGE 458
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False While the secession ordinances of the lower states did mention various grievances that dealt with the federal government, they insisted that their main reason for seceding was the preservation of slavery.
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The eight resolutions presented to Congress by Henry Clay to resolve the "controversy between the free and slave states, growing out of the subject of slavery" had a few controversial points, but the Compromise of 1850 was adopted surprisingly quickly, after only a few months of debate.
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False The eight resolutions that made up the Compromise of 1850 were extremely controversial and took seven months of congressional debates until the proposals became substance. These were the greatest debates in congressional history.
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The term Bleeding Kansas referred to the purging of anti-slavery members from the state legislature following the election of 1855.
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False Bleeding Kansas referred to the civil war that took place in Kansas, resulting from the battle between pro- and anti-slavery factions who sought to control the large territory. The war ended with 200 settlers killed, including Fredrick Brown, the son of the passionate white abolitionist John Brown.
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A young Abraham Lincoln transitioned politically from the Whig party to the Republican party. Identify the reasons for Lincoln making this change. PAGES 445-446
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He claimed that the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act changed his views on slavery.
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President Polk believed the claims in the Wilmot Proviso to be an opportunity to ease tensions between the North and the South. He firmly supported the proviso and signed the bill immediately after its passage in the Senate.
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False President Polk dismissed the proviso as "mischievous and foolish." He convinced Wilmot to abstain from including his amendment in any bill concerning the acquisition of Mexican territory. By then, however, the proviso already had a fair amount of support.
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Analyze this quotation from Uncle Tom's Cabin. "The time has come when even a woman or a child who can speak a word for freedom and humanity is bound to speak." Identify the significance of this novel on the abolitionist movement. PAGE 443
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Correct Answer(s) 1.The quotation epitomized the religious foundation of the abolition movement. 2.Stowe's novel showed the harsh realities of slavery and how they impacted everyone associated with it. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.The novel sought to reform the Fugitive Slave Act by abolishing its jurisdiction in the North.
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Complete the passage below describing how the Gold Rush of 1848 affected the debate over slavery. PAGES 439-440
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The California Gold Rush was the greatest mass migration in American history and one of the most important events in the first half of the nineteenth century. The infusion of gold into the U.S. economy contributed to the financial support of the Union military during the Civil War. The gold rush also helped develop the booming city of San Francisco, which became the largest city west of Chicago. It shifted the nation's attention to the West and galvanized infrastructure projects, such as railroads and telephone lines in the Pacific.
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The Buchanan-Pakenham Treaty resolved the outstanding border dispute with Great Britain over the Oregon territory by extending the border between British Canada and the United States along the 49th parallel all the way to the Pacific coast.
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True The Polk administration employed a dangerous strategy of brinksmanship that could have led to war if the British had decided to fight for the Oregon territory. Instead, the British conceded the disputed territory to the United States.
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Identify the provisions laid out by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the end of the Mexican-American War.
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Correct Answer(s) 1.Mexico renounced all claims to Texas north of the Rio Grande. Mexico also transferred California to the United States. 2.The United States paid the government of Mexico $15 million. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.Mexico was allowed to station troops along the northern border of Texas. 2.The United States was permitted to maintain a standing army in Mexico following the end of the war.
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Complete the passage regarding a significant 1857 Supreme Court case. PAGES 450-451
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The Dred Scott case began with a suit filed in the Missouri courts by a Virginia slave named Scott who claimed that residence in Illinois made him free because slavery was outlawed there. A jury decided in Scott's favor, but the decision was overturned by the state Supreme Court. The case went to the U.S. Supreme Court where President Buchanan pressured a judge to rule against Scott. The result was 7-2 against Scott, claiming he did not have legal standing because no former slave could be an American citizen.
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In his inaugural address on March 4, 1861, Lincoln made many pledges. Identify some of these promises made by the president-elect. PAGE 461
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Correct Answer(s) 1.He pledged not to obstruct the institution of slavery in states where it existed. 2.He pledged to continue seeking a peaceful solution to the conflict. 3.Lincoln insisted that the Union is "perpetual" and that no state could lawfully leave the Union. Incorrect Answer(s) He pledged to defend Fort Sumter and insisted he would not hesitate to use force against people anywhere.
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In 1850, a Georgia congressman declared, "I vow before this House and country, and in the presence of the living God that if by your legislation you seek to drive us [slaveholders] from the territories of California and New Mexico ... I am for disunion." What does this quotation reveal about relations between the North and the South? PAGE 440
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Correct Answer(s) 1.the frustration of southerners regarding the free status of California and New Mexico 2.the sincerity of the southern threat to leave the union if Taylor's plan was implemented Incorrect Answer(s) 1.the sincerity of the southern threat to annex the territories of California and New Mexico, and to use them as leverage in their attempt to secede from the union 2.the frustration of southerners with Taylor, who ran on a pro-slavery platform and was now thought to be betraying the southern cause
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How did Senator Stephen A. Douglas' 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act reignite tensions between the North and the South over the issue of slavery? PAGES 444-445
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His proposal abandoned the Missouri Compromise boundary line and allowed the voters of each territory to decide the status of slavery.
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After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the people of Kansas were "perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions." Identify the various events that took place in Kansas as a result of this act. PAGE 446
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Correct Answer(s) 1.In the 1855 election, individuals from Missouri entered into Kansas and illegally elected pro-slavery legislatures. 2.Rival groups, both pro- and anti-slavery, attempted to gain political control of the territory and recruited immigrants to move to Kansas. 3.Free-state advocates met in Topeka, drafted a free-state constitution, and applied for statehood. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.The Kansas governor personally removed any pro-slavery members to ensure an anti-slavery legislature.
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During the Tyler administration, a number of controversial political policies alienated the president from many segments of American political society. What groups remained supportive of President Tyler's policies? PAGES 428-429
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advocates of westward expansion
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Identify how South Carolina senator John C. Calhoun countered the Wilmot Proviso. PAGES 437-438
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He insisted that the proviso violated the Fifth Amendment, as it would deprive slave owners of their right to life, liberty, and property, since slaves were considered property at the time.
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How did describing America's aggressive spirit of westward expansion as "manifest destiny" impact the way Americans viewed western settlement? PAGE 420
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Correct Answer(s) 1.It helped persuade Americans that their nation had the right to territory spanning from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. 2.The phrase intertwined the nationalist desire to expand with the necessary religious justification. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.Most Americans knew John L. O'Sullivan to be a Democratic party propagandist, and consequently dismissed his views of manifest destiny as political rhetoric. 2.Americans were put off by the idea of a concept rooted in entitlement.
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The Compromise of 1850 was made up of eight distinct resolutions that were intended to reduce tensions over slavery between the North and the South. Identify some of these resolutions. PAGE 441
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Correct Answer(s) 1.to abolish the sale of slaves in the nation's capital 2.to admit California as a free state 3.to deny Texas its extreme claim to much of New Mexico 4.to retain slavery in the District of Columbia Incorrect Answer(s) 1.to restrict the sale of slaves in South Carolina and Georgia 2.to allow Congress to regulate the interstate slave trade
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What impact did Spanish, and later Mexican, colonization have on the Native Americans living in California? PAGE 423
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Correct Answer(s) 1.Under the Mexican rancheros, Native Americans experienced mortality rates twice as high as black slaves on southern plantations. 2.Under Spanish colonialism, between 1769 and 1821, the Native American population along the California coast declined from 72,000 to 18,000. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.The Spanish missions along the California coast helped revitalize the Native American population that had been decimated by European disease over the preceding three centuries. 2.Native American chiefs were often made rancheros to help pacify the rest of the Native American population.
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Identify the outcomes of the Mexican-American War that have become part of the United States' legacy. PAGE 436
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Correct Answer(s) 1.The United States acquired territories that became the states of California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Wyoming. 2.Future U.S. presidents would strongly condemn the Mexican-American War as shameful and aggressive in nature. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.The war helped to unify the North and the South in the United States, which until that time had been deeply divided. 2.Though an expansionist war of aggression, the war cost very few American lives, ultimately leading most Americans to view it as worthwhile.
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How did the influx of white settlers impact the lives of Plains Indians and Mexicans living west of the Mississippi River? PAGES 421-422
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Correct Answer(s) 1.White Americans were frequently prejudiced against both Native Americans and Mexicans, and had few scruples about expropriating their land, if the original owners would not sell it willingly. 2.Plains Indian tribes depended heavily on hunting buffalo, which white settlers began to hunt as well. This endangered the survival of many Plains Indians. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.White settlers did not engage Mexicans or Plains Indians on their journey westward for fear of beginning a war. 2.Large wagon caravans enabled settlers to pass through Mexican and Indian territory without significant impositions on their natural resources.
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Identify President Polk's major policy objectives during his tenure. PAGES 430-432
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Correct Answer(s) 1.President Polk wanted to re-establish the Independent Treasury. 2.President Polk wanted to reduce tariffs to force American manufactured goods to compete with foreign products. 3.President Polk wanted to resolve the Oregon boundary dispute with Great Britain on terms favorable to the United States. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.Polk wanted to ensure good relations with Mexico to the south, and with Great Britain to the north. 2.President Polk wanted to put an end to aggressive American expansionism.
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Identify the group that had control over California at the beginning of the nineteenth century. PAGES 423-424
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the Spanish
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What was President Taylor's strategy for bypassing the issue of slavery when incorporating new states, and how did this strategy unfold? PAGE 440
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Correct Answer(s) 1.Taylor opposed the expansion of slavery and sought to incorporate California and New Mexico as free states, in order to end the stalemate in Congress over slavery. 2.His strategy unfolded rather differently as Californians went ahead and constructed a free-state government without consulting Congress. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.Taylor sought to appease southern slave states that were creating a stalemate in Congress by automatically incorporating California and Mexico as slave states. 2.His strategy unfolded rather differently as California went ahead and established a slave-state constitution, leading southern slave states to insist that Congress formalize the ability of new states to take measures into their own hands.
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What did South Carolina consider the "final signal" for the southern state to execute its plan of abandoning the Union? PAGE 458
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Correct Answer(s) 1.the election of Abraham Lincoln Incorrect Answer(s) 1.the entire group of southern slave states ratifying the Ordinance of Secession 2.the election of a Democrat to the presidency, ensuring that South Carolina would be insulated from legal retribution by the federal government 3.the secession of Virginia, thereby allowing South Carolina to follow suit
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William Seward declared that any compromise with slavery was "radically wrong and essentially vicious" and that there was "a higher law than the Constitution." Identify the statement that best describes why it was so difficult for the federal government to resolve the issue of slavery in the western territories. PAGE 441
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This was a response to Daniel Webster's speech criticizing extremists on both sides and insisting that the geographic extent of slavery had already been settled.
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Complete the passage below describing Oregon Fever. PAGE 423
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In the late 1830s, only a very small number of settlers ventured to the Oregon Territories of the Far Northwest, which included regions that would eventually become Oregon, Idaho, Washington, Wyoming, Montana, and British Columbia. By 1843, however, reports of fertile land turned this trickle of settlers into a massive movement westward. Families began the journey in Missouri and traveled in wagon trains along the Oregon Trail. The families became communities where men and women each had their assigned tasks. For example, women prepared breakfast while the men prepped the caravan for departure. The 2,000-mile journey through the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains crossed Indian-held land and took an average of six months.
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Who adopted the constitution for the Confederate States of America, and what did the document mandate? PAGE 460
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Correct Answer(s) 1.It was endorsed by representatives of the seceding states, 90 percent of whom were slave owners. 2.It insisted that slavery was in fact beneficial to Africans, who were a dependent race. 3.It insisted that slavery as an institution be "recognized and protected." Incorrect Answer(s) 1.It maintained that slaves are property and deserve fewer rights, despite their equality to the white man.
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Why was slavery in the western territories so important to southerners and southern society? PAGES 419-420,437
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Correct Answer(s) 1.It was important for southerners to maintain the delicate balance between free and slave states in Congress to protect their slave-centered agricultural economy. 2.Slavery in the West would increase pro-slavery influence in Congress for the South. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.Most southerners believed that westward expansion would allow southern manufacturing to grow and surpass northern competitors. 2.Any westward expansion of the United States would have weakened southern influence.
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Identify the factors that contributed to the tensions surrounding the Mexican-American War.
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Correct Answer(s) 1.Americans in the South were heavily in favor of an expansionist war with Mexico. 2.The Mexican government did not recognize the U.S. annexation of Texas as legal or legitimate. 3.On May 9, 1845, Mexican forces attacked U.S. troops killing eleven, wounding five, and taking the remainder prisoner. 4.President Polk ordered several thousand troops to advance to positions around Corpus Christi, in what previously had been Mexican Texas.
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Identify the challenges to educational reform in the southern states. PAGES 396-397
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Correct Answer(s) 1.The South had very few public schools. 2.The South was rural, and children needed to do farm work for most of the year. 3.Plantation owners prohibited enslaved children from learning to read or write. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.Because of their rural economy, southerners were less likely to need an education to find good jobs. 2.Southerners were wealthier than those in other regions, and therefore they preferred religious and private schools to building any public schools at all.
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What was the cult of domesticity, and what were some of the reactions to it? PAGE 393
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Correct Answer(s) 1.It was an ideology that emphasized women's role within the home as mothers and wives. 2.Women were educated to become teachers at "normal schools," where they could be "mothers away from home." 3.A backlash against restrictions in "the women's sphere" led many women to protest for equal rights. Incorrect Answer(s) 1.It was a religious cult that developed to support full equality for women. It was an offshoot of 2.Mormonism that supported the idea that 3.Jesus was born in America. It was a radical response to the Second Great Awakening.
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"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately." This is how Thoreau described his decision to live apart from society on Walden Pond. He later wrote about his experience. What aspect of transcendentalism does Thoreau's quotation express? PAGES 388-389
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the idea of radical individualism and self-reliance
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Mormons moved from western New York to what became the state of Utah. How did Mormon beliefs affect the admission of Utah as a state? PAGES 384-385
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Many Mormons practiced polygamy until 1896, and Utah was only admitted as a state in 1896, once the Mormon practice of polygamy ended.
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By 1860, just before the outbreak of the Civil War, the total financial value of all enslaved blacks in the United States exceeded the financial value of all American banks, railroads, and factories combined. PAGES 354-355
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True The financial capital invested in slavery made it extremely resilient to abolitionist challenges. It also preserved the agricultural cash crop economy in the South while the North industrialized.
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Most southern planters had some other occupation before they developed the capital required to start a plantation. What were some of the jobs that planters commonly held before beginning a plantation? PAGE 357
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Correct Answer(s) 1.land trader 2.farmer 3.cotton merchant 4.investor Incorrect Answer(s) 1.blacksmith 2.innkeeper
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Identify some of the different experiences shared by slaves living in southern cities rather than on farms and plantations. PAGE 364
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Correct Answer(s) 1.Slaves in cities enjoyed greater mobility and freedom. 2.Slaves in cities were sometimes "hired out," as long as they paid a percentage of their wages to their owners. 3.Slaves in cities interacted with the extended racial community, not solely their white owners. Incorrect Answers 1.Slaves in cities enjoyed less mobility and freedom due to the increased opportunities they had to escape from the "big city."
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Slave beatings took place solely between slave and master, and punishment was considered a solitary process that slaves needed to endure alone.
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False Slave owners staged the punishment of slaves into theatrical spectacles in order to strike fear into slaves who might be considering rebellion or escape.
