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Democrats

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forced to seek a new standard-bearer in 1848

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President Polk

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broken in health by overwork and chronic diarrhea, had pledge himself to a single term

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Democratic National Convention

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at Baltimore turned to Lewis Cass

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Lewis Cass

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veteran of War of 1812 - War veteran, diplomat, and U.S. senator, Cass ran as the Democratic candidate in the 1848 election and lost to Zachary Taylor. Cass is best known as the father of "popular sovereignty," the notion that the sovereign people of a territory should decide for themselves the issue of slavery

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Democratic platform

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was burning issues of slavery in the territories

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Cass's views

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on slavery were well known because he was a reputed father of popular sovereignty

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popular sovereignty

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Notion advanced before the Civil War that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by northern abolitionists, who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories

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popular sovereignty's doctrine

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states that under the general principles of the Constitution should themselves determine the status of slavery - had a persuasive appeal - public like it because it accorded the democratic tradition of self-determination - politician like it because it was a compromise between free-soiler's bid for a ban on slavery in the territories and southerner demand that Constitution protect slavery in territories - tossed slavery problem into the laps of the people in the various territories

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Whigs

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had meeting in Philadelphia - nominated Zachary Taylor

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Zachary Taylor

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"Hero of Buena Vista", who had never held civil office or even voted for president - Military general and twelfth U.S. president, Taylor emerged as a popular war hero after defeating Santa Anna's forces at Buena Vista in the war with Mexico. As president, Taylor, a Louisiana slave owner, sought to avoid a sectional confrontation over slavery, though he opposed the Compromise of 1850

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Henry Clay

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living embodiment of Whiggism

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Antislavery men in north

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distrusting both Cass and Taylor, organized Free Soil party - also they advocated federal aid for internal improvement and urge free government homesteads for settlers

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Free Soil party

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Antislavery party in the 1848 and 1852 elections that opposed the extension of slavery into the territories, arguing that the presence of slavery would limit opportunities for free laborers

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new party

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attracted industrialists at Polk's reduction of protective tariffs - appealed Democrats of Polk's settling for part of Oregon and all of Texas - argued that only with free soil in the West could a traditional American commitment to upward mobility continue to flourish - forced to compete with slave labor, more costly wage labor would inevitably wither away, and with it the chance for the American worker to own property - organized the issue of slavery and confined to a single section - FORESHADOWS the emergence of Republican party six years later

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early 1848

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discovery of gold on American River near Sutter's Mill, California

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California Gold Rush

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attracted tens of thousands of people (lawless men with women) to the future Golden State, overwhelming the territorial government - Inflow of thousands of miners to northern California after news reports of the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in January of 1848 had spread around the world by the end of that year. The onslaught of migrants prompted Californians to organize a government and apply for statehood in 1849 - robbery, claim jumping, murder were violence common

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1848-1856

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San Francisco had lawless killings but only three semi legal hangings

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1849

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President Taylor drafted the constitution that states the excluded slavery and it applied to Congrees for admission

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South of 1850

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enjoyed as they share the nation's leadership since the seated in White House was President Taylor, slave owning from Louisiana - boasted majority of cabinet on Supreme Court - angered by the North for the abolition of slavery in District of Columbia - had loss of runaway slaves

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Underground Railroad

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Informal network of volunteers that helped runaway slaves escape from the South and reach free-soil Canada. Seeking to halt the flow of runaway slaves to the North, southern planters and congressmen pushed for a stronger fugitive slave law

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Harriet Tubman

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an illiterate runaway slave form Maryland and most amazing conductor, known as "Moses" - Famed conductor on the Underground Railroad, Tubman helped rescue more than three hundred slaves from bondage. Born into slavery, she fled to the North in 1849 but returned to the South nineteen times to guide slaves to freedom. After the Civil War, she worked to give freed people access to education in North Carolina

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1850

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southerners demand for stringent fugitive-slave law

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The Great Compromiser

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HENRY CLAY - played a crucial role

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Henry Clay

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went to the Senate from Kentucky to reprise the role he had played twice before in Missouri and nullification crises - proposed and defended a series fo compromises

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John C. Calhoun

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"Great Nullifier" championed the South in his last speech especialy when he was too weak to deliver since he was dying of tuberculosis - rejected the safeguards for southern rights - pleas to leave slavery alone and return runaway slaves, which gave the South its rights as minority and restore the political balance - had a view of having two presidents -> one in North, one in South - died in 1850

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Daniel Webster

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took Senate spotlight to uphold Clay's compromise in his last great speech - suffering from a liver complaint; lost some of the fire in voice - urged reasonable concessions to the South, including fugitive-slave law - famed the Seventh of March speech of 1850

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Seventh of March speech

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Daniel Webster's impassioned address urging the North to support the Compromise of 1850. Webster argued that topography and climate would keep slavery from becoming entrenched in Mexican Cession territory and urged northerners to make all reasonable concessions to prevent disunion - helped turn the tide in the North toward compromise - strengthened Union sentiment -regarded slavery as evil but disunion as worse

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William H. Seeward

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spokesman for many of the younger northern radicals - came out against concession - seemed not to realize that compromise brought Union together but sections could no longer compromise and take part of company - argued that Christian legislators must obey God's moral law as well as man's mundane law

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controversy in 1850

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President Taylor helped the cause of concession by dying, probably of an acute intestinal disorder

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Millard Fillmore

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Vice President, New York lawyer-politician - New York congressman and vice president under Taylor, Fillmore took over the presidency after Taylor's death in 1850. A practical politician, he threw his support behind the Compromise of 1850, ensuring its passage. He was passed over for the Whig nomination in 1852 when the party chose to select the legendary war hero Winfield Scott

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Compromise of 1850

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Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington, D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery

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Clay

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strengthened the growing spirit of goodwill and sprang partly from a feeling or relief and partly form an upsurge of prosperity enriched by California gold

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one South Carolina newspaper

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avowed that it loathed the Union and hated the North as much as it did Hell itself - led to a movement in the South Carolina

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movement in South Carolina

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boycott northern goods gained some headway but in the end of the southern Unionists, assisted by the warm glow of prosperity

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June 1850

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assemblage of southern extremists met in Nashville for burial of Andrew Jackson - condemned the compromise measures then being hammered out in Congress

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November 1850

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bill passed, convention proved to be dud and southern opinion accepted the verdict of Congress

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second Era of Good Feelings

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both North and South determined that the compromises should be a finality and that the explosive issue of slavery be buried and proved all too brief

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New Mexico and Utah

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open to slavery on the basis of popular sovereignty - southerners urgently need more slave territory to restore the "sacred balance"

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Fugitive Slave Law

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Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North - threatened to create dangerous precedents for white Americans - freedom-loving northerners who aided the slave to escape were liable to heavy fines and jail sentences or were asked to join slave-catchers - northerners couldn't handle the law

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Compromise of 1850

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from one view point, won the Civil War for the Union

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Franklin Pierce

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Pro-southern Democrat from New Hampshire who became the fourteenth president of the United States on a platform of territorial expansion. As president, he tried to provoke war with Spain and seize Cuba, a plan he quickly abandoned once it was made public. Pierce emphatically supported the Compromise of 1850, vigorously enforced the Fugitive Slave Law, and threw his support behind the Kansas-Nebraska Act - youngish, handsome, military erect, smiling, and convivial served without real distinction in the Mexican War - "Fainting General" for his groin injury when he fell off a horse - acceptable of to the slavery wing of the Democratic party - revived Democrats' commitment to territorial expansion as pursued President Polk and endorsed the Compromise of 1850 and Fugitive Slave Law

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election of 1852

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marked the effective end of the disorganized Whig party and its complete death

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victory of Mexico

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led to the discovery of gold in California and the reinvigorated the spirit of Manifest Destiny

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treaty of 1848

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guaranteed the American right of transit across isthmus in return for Washington's pledge to maintain the "perfect neutrality" of the route of the "free transit of traffic might not be interrupted - later provided a fig of legal cover of Theodore Roosevelt's assertion of American control of the Panama Canal Zone - led to the construction of the first "transcontinental" railroad

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Clayton-Bulwer treaty

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used to avoid the confrontation with Britain - Signed by Great Britain and the United States, it provided that the two nations would jointly protect the neutrality of Central America and that neither power would seek to fortify or exclusively control any future isthmian waterway. Later revoked by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, which gave the United States control of the Panama Canal

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southern

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lusted for new slave territory after the Compromise of 1850 that closed most of the Mexican Cession

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1856

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Texan proposed that the South bound on north by the Mason and Dixon line and on South by the Isthmus if Tehuantepec

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William Walker

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Tennessee-born adventurer who made several forays into Central America in the 1850s. After an unsuccessful ploy to take over Baja California in 1853, Walker ventured into Nicaragua, installing himself as president in 1856. His dream of establishing a planter aristocracy in Nicaragua faltered when neighboring Central American nations allied against him. Walker met his fate before a Honduran firing squad in 1860

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President Polk

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considered offering Spain $100 million for Cuba but Spain replied that the island will sunk into the sea

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1854

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Spanish official in Cuba seized Black Warrior, which provoke a war - secretary of state instructed American ministers in Spain, England, and France to prepare recommendation for the acquisition of Cuba

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Ostend Manifesto

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Secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or, that failing, to wrest militarily Cuba from Spain. Once leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the North

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Opium War

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War between Britain and China over trading rights, particularly Britain's desire to continue selling opium to Chinese traders. The resulting trade agreement prompted Americans to seek similar concessions from the Chinese

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Caleb Cushing

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a dashing Massachusetts lawyer-scholar that was dispatched by President Tyler to secure comparable concessions for the US - Massachusetts-born congressman and diplomat who "opened" China to U.S. trade, negotiating the Treaty of Wanghia in 1844

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Treaty of Wanghia

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first formal diplomatic agreement between the US and China on July 3, 1844 - Signed by the United States and China, it assured the United States the same trading concessions granted to other powers, greatly expanding America's trade with the Chinese

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Tokugawa Shogunate

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long-ruling warrior dynasty that was protective of Japan's insularity that prohibited shipwrecked foreign sailor from leaving and refused Japanese sailor washed up on foreign shores - industrial and democratic revolutions were convulsing the western world

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1853

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Japan was ready to emerge form its self-imposed quarantine

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1852

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President Millard Fillmore dispatched to Japan a fleet of warships commanded by Commodore Matthew C. Perry

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Matthew C. Perry

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American naval officer sent by Millard Fillmore to negotiate a trade deal with Japan. Backed by an impressive naval fleet, Perry showered Japanese negotiators with lavish gifts. Combining military bravado with diplomatic finesse, he negotiated the landmark Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854, which ended Japan's two centuries of isolation - known as the brother of the hero of the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813

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July 8, 1853

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black ships steamed into Edo (Tokyo) Bay inciting Japanese shocked - Perry preceded two tall African American flag bearers -Perry produced letters requesting free trade and friendly relations and when they were handed to the Japanese delegation-> withdrew but promised to return the following year to receive Japanese reply

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February 1854

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Perry returned

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March 31, 1854

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Treaty of Kanagawa

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Treaty of Kanagawa

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provided for proper treatment of sailor, American rights in Japan, and establishment of consular relations - Ended Japan's two-hundred-year period of economic isolation, establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports

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another legacy of Mexican War

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acute transportation problems - acquire prizes of California and Oregon might been islands of eight thousand miles west of the nation's capital

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Camels

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"ships of the desert" - imported from the Near East - but the transcontinental railroad was the only real solution to the problems

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South and North

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projected many drawing-board routes to the Pacific Coast - cost was great - south-> losing the economic race with North - North-> eager to extend a railroad through adjacent southwestern territory all the way to California

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Secretary of War Jefferson Davis

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Mississippian that arranged to have James Gadsden to appoint minister to Mexico and made gratifying headway - negotiated a treaty in 1853

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Gadsden Purchase

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Acquired additional land from Mexico for $10 million to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad - eliminated the Sea of Cortez - enable South to claim the railroad with greater insistence

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1854

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Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois delivered a counterstroke to offset the Gadsden thrust for southern expansion westward

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Little Giant

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radiated the energy and optimism of the self-made man

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Territory of Nebraska

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was split into two-> Kansas and Nebraska - slavery status was determined by popular sovereignty - Kansas-> slave trade - Nebraska-> free state

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Kansas-Nebraska

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contradicted the Missouri compromise of 1820 - forbidden slavery in the proposed Nebraska Territory north of the sacred 36 30 line - led to the Compromise of 1850

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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one of the most momentous measures ever to pass Congress - Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska Territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglas in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad - it repealed to compromises, 1820 and 1850 - Democrats were shattered but elect a president in 1856 and became the last one to be in the White House for 28 years - Republican Party started to make protests against the gains of slavery - later the Republican Party were not allowed to be south of the Mason-Dixie line

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