APA References
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Preferred Type
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times new roman, 12 point font, double space, flush left margins (NOT justification)
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Figures Type
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san serif (arial)
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Hyphenation Rule
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no hyphens at the end of sentence
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Margins
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1 inch on all four sides
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Paragraph Indentions
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use tab key to keep consistent
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Components of Lit Review Paper a Manuscript
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title page abstract introduction body reference page
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Title Page
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title running head author affiliation
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Title Type
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centered on the page and typed in uppercase and lowercase letters
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Title Length
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no more than 12 words
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Running Head Location
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top left corner margin
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Running Head Definition
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abbreviated title of th epaper
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Running Head Length
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no more than 50 characters including punctuation and spacing
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Running Head Type
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all uppercase; use the actual words \"Running head:\" on page 1
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Author on Title Page
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first name, middle initial, last name; omit titles and degrees
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Affiliation
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SHRP/UMMC/Faculty/Course
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Page 1
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title page
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Page 2
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abstract
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Page 3
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introduction
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Page 4
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body
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Page 5
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reference page
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Abstract Title Type
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should be written in upper and lowercase letters in center of top of page
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Abstract Definition
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concise summary of contents of the article; gives reader idea of what article is about
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Abstract Type
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typed as a single paragraph without indentations
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Abstract Length
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150-250 words
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Introduction Title Type
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do not type the word \"introduction.\" instead, put the full title of the article
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Introduction Definition
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contains a statement of purpose
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Statement of Purpose in Introduction
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why is this topic important? how are you going to solve the problem? what are the objectives of the study? do the hypotheses and research design relate to each other?
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Introduction Purpose
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gives background; how study relates to previous studies; why it needs to be looked at again; summary of pertinent arguments and past studies
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Literature Review
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critical component that allows the researcher to gain knowledge of what research as already been done; gives the researchers ideas on how to set up their research; identifies gaps or disagreements in research
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Summarizing Research Articles
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read article several times, looking up meanings of any unfamiliar words; write outline of info, then write a summary in your own words; do not add your own ideas or manipulate information to make it fit your paper; cite the source
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Plagiarism
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using an idea, words, or information that belongs to someone else without giving the original source credit
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Avoiding Plagiarism
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must summarize and cite the sources in which you are summarizing their work
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Changing Sources in Paper
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author must make sure that it is clear which source is being given credit for the information
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Headings
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help readers find key points of your paper and track the development of your thoughts; 5 levels of APA headings
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Level 1 of Headings
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centered, bold, upper and lower case
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Level 2 of Headings
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flush left, bold, upper and lower case
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Level 3 of Headings
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indented, bold, lowercase paragraph heading ending with period
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Level 4 of Headings
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indented, bold, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period
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Level 5 of Headings
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indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period
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Exceptions to Spelling Out #s
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10 or above; statistical info, mathematical functions, percentages, ratios, percentiles, quartiles; immediately precedes a measure; represent time, exact dates, ages, scores and points on a scale, money;
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Always Spell Out Numbers
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used to begin a sentence
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Abbreviations
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must be written/spelled out completely the first time it is used within the paper followed by the abbreviation in parenthesis, then the abbreviation can be used independently
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Direct Quotations
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must be distinguished from summaries
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Quotations
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include page number on which quote can be found;
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Short Quotes Length
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less than 40 words
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Short Quotes Type
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distinguished by \"double quotation marks\"
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Long Quotes Length
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40 words or more
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Long Quotes Type
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omit double quotation marks; indicate by indenting the material an aditional half inch and keeping the material in block formation; double space
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When to Use Direct Quotes
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only if it is absolutely necessary- there is no other way to say the information or if the information is so unique to the author that it deserves to be quoted directly
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Citing Sources Within Text
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author and year of publication
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Cite Author Within Text
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surname, initial; not full given name- just initials; no titles
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Citing One Author Within Context
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Doe (2004) In 2004, Doe
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Citing One Author End of Sentence
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(Doe, 2004)
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Citing Two Authors Within Context
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use \"and\" Davis and London (2001) In 2001, Davis and London
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Citing Two Authors End of Sentence
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use \"&\" (Davis & London, 2001)
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Ampersand
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used only when citing with parentheses at the end of a sentence
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Citing Two Authors
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both cited each time they are used within paper
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Citing the Same Author More Than Once in the Same Year
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use (a, b, c) to distinguish the publications
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Citing 3-5 Authors Within Context First Citation
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all authors cited in order they appear in the paper Jackson, Donald an Arnold (2010) In 2010, Jackson, Donald, and Arnold
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Citing 3-5 Authors End of Sentence First Citation
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(Jackson, Donald, & Arnold, 2010).
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Citing 3-5 Authors Subsequent Citations in Same Paragraph
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cite primary author followed by \"et al.\"; year is not necessary; no comma between primary author and et al.
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Citing 3-5 Authors Subsequent Citations in Same Paragraph Within Text
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Jackson et al.
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Citing 3-5 Authors Subsequent Citations in Same Paragraph End of Sentence
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(Jackson et al.)
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Citing 3-5 Authors Subsequent Citations in Following Paragraph
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allows the use of et al. primary author et al. year
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Citing 3-5 Authors Subsequent Citations in Following Paragraph Within Text
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Jackson et al. (2010)
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Citing 3-5 Authors Subsequent Citations in Following Paragraph End of Sentence
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(Jackson et al., 2010)
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Exception to Rule of Citing 3-5 Authors
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citation may not be shorten if the primary author is the same primary author in another study conducted in the same year and cited in the paper because it would be impossible to tell which study was being referred to
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Citing 6+ Authors
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cite surname of primary author followed by et al.
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Citing 6+ Authors Within Text
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Thomas et al. (2003)
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Citing 6+ Authors End of Sentence
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(Thomas et al., 2003)
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Exception to Citing 6+ Authors
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if it is necessary to list more than one author in order to clarify/differentiate which source the information came from, then a comma is placed between the last name cited and et al. ex: Thomas, Davis, et al.
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Comma Before et al.
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only if more than one author is necessary for clarification
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Citing a Source with No Author Within Text
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use the first few words of the reference entry (usually the title) and the year; use quotation marks for title of an \"article\", \"chapter\" or \"web page\" use italics for title of periodical, pock, report, or brochure
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Group as an Author
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applies to corporations, associations, government agencies; group name is spelled out in first citation and abbreviated on subsequent citations
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Group as an Author First Citation
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Center for Disease Control (CDC, 2010)
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Group as an Author Subsequent Paragraphs
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CDC (2010)
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Secondary Source Citing a Primary Source
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cite original source and secondary source within the text
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Personal Communication
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includes letters, memos, persona. interviews, telephone conversations, etc
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Personal Communication Citation
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only within text- communicator, method of communication, exact date; not included in reference list because the reader has no means of viewing information
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Multiple Research Studies with the Same Ideas/Conclusions
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credit must be given to all studies; helps reduce redundancy in the paper; adds credibility to the statement; semi colon separates two sources- alphabetical order
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Reference Page
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sources in alphabetical order; double spaced within the citation and between each citation; first line flush against the left hand margin; subsequent lines of the citation are indented one tab over with hanging indent
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Digital Object Identifier
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reliable means for managing information on the digital network; hosted by registration agencies such as CrossRef; alphanumeric string assigned by registry agent; often located on the first page of the article
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URL
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changes frequently
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Information Found Within the Reference
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author, editor, year of publication, title, publishing data
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Publishing Data
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volume, issue, editions, page numbers, electronic retrieval data
