AP World History, Ways of the World: Chapter 2 – Flashcards
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When did agriculture start?
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about 12,000 years ago
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What stage was the world in when agriculture started?
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the Neolithic Age/Agricultural Revolution
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What is intensification?
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getting more food/resources from much less land 1. more food led to more people 2. more people led to greater need for intensive exploitation
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Which regions of the world did the Agricultural Revolution independently happen in and when?
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1. Fertile Crescent of SW Asia 2. several areas in sub-Saharan Africa 3. China 4. New Guinea 5. Mesoamerica 6. the Andes 7. eastern North America - all happened at about 12,000-4,000 years ago
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What is the broad spectrum diet?
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Archeologists' term for the diet of gathering and hunting societies, which included a wide array of plants and animals
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Which sex were the agricultural innovators?
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females
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Which region was the first to have a full Agricultural Revolution?
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the Fertile Crescent
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What were the two ways that agriculture spread?
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1. diffusion 2. colonization/migration - often, both processes were involved
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True/False?: Language and culture did not spread with agriculture.
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FALSE. Language and culture did spread with agriculture.
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How long did the globalization of agriculture take?
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about 10,000 years
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Where did the globalization of agriculture not spread beyond?
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New Guinea
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How many people were alive: - 10,000 years ago? - 5,000 years ago? - the beginning of the Common Era (C.E./A.D.)?
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- 6 million - 50 million - around 250 million
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Why didn't farming necessarily improve the way of life?
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- more hard work - new diseases from interaction with wild animals - first epidemics
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What were the three explosions of technological innovation?
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1. pots 2. textiles 3. metallurgy
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What was the secondary products revolution?
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started around 4,000 B.C.E., was a new set of technological changes
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What did the secondary products revolution bring about?
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new uses for domesticated animals (milking, riding, plowing, etc.)
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Where did pastoral nomads emerge?
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- central Asia - the Arabian Peninsula - the Sahara Desert - parts of eastern and SE Africa
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When were horses domesticated?
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domesticated by 4,000 B.C.E.
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What were the most characteristic forms of early agricultural societies?
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Banpo or Jericho
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Describe Çatalhüyük (SE Turkey).
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- population?: several thousand - dead buried under the houses - no streets, people jumped from roof to roof - no indication of male/female dominance
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How were village-based agricultural societies organized?
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by kinship, group, or lineage
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What was the Tiv?
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- in central Nigeria - organized nearly a million people in the late nineteenth century into village-based agricultural societies
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Describe chiefdoms
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- chiefs, unlike kings, relied on generosity, ritual statu - emerged in Mesopotamia, after 6,000 B.C.E.
