AP World History Unit 4 – Flashcards
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Humanism
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the cultural movement of the Renaissance, shift of focus to life on Earth and celebrating human achievements in the scholarly, artistic, and political realms
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Medici
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Showcased architecture and beauty by acting as patrons for some of the greatest artists
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Michelangelo
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Florentine sculptor and painter and architect, This was an artist who led the way for Renaissance masters from his David sculpture and his painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling
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Brunelleschi
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Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance (1377-1446)
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist, as a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).
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Donatello
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Italian sculptor, such as the bronze statue David.
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printing press
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invented by Gutenburg. made producing books cheaper and faster
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vernacular
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native language
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Machiavelli
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Published The Prince, how to book for monarchs who wanted to maintain their power. suggested that monarchy on basis of vague moral tenets: ruler should be ruthlessly selfish, scheming and manipulative.
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Erasmus
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counseled kings and popes, wrote In Praise of Folly: satirized what he though were foolish political moves
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Sir Thomas More
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Utopia: ideal society, everyone shared the wealth and needs were met. expressed Christian moral guidelines
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William Shakespeare
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European writer, focused on character strengths and flaws, comedy, tragedy (Julius Caesar)
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indulgences
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piece of paper that the faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory (place Catholics believed they go to after death, middle between heaven and hell), there they amend their sins and go to heaven
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Martin Luther
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German monk, nailed 95 theses on church door, message spread because of printing press. had a problem with indulgences, translate and hold services not in latin but a language that everyone can understand, suggested that the Bible teaches people that they can appeal directly to God for forgiveness for sins and salvation, reduced role of church (pope) as middleman between God and man
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Pope Leo X
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ordered Luther to recant, which he refused. lead to Pope excommunicating him.
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Lutherans
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Martin Luther's followers began to separate from Catholic church (N Germany and Scandinavia)
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John Calvin
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(Huguenots) Spread Protestant in France, God had predetermined ultimate destiny for everyone (France, S Germany, Scotland, and pockets of central England)
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King Henry VIII
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denied by pope to divorce his wife, converted all of England into Protestant Anglican
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Church of England
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Anglican Church, Henry was the leader and he never had a sun. daughter Elizabeth ruled over all of England
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Protestant Reformation
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prevailed theological based challenges and directed pope's religious role, only necessary thing for interaction with god is the Bible no pope needed, paved way for revolutions in education, politics, and science
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Catholic Reformation
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(counter reformation) won back some Protestants, began to institute reforms (led by Spain), banned sale of indulgences, consulting more frequently with bishops and parishes, training its priests to live Catholic life instead of just preaching it, not bowing to Protestant demands but clarifying position (reclaimed Italy, Spain, Portugal)
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Ignatius Loyola
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former Spanish soldier, founded society that influenced in restoring faith in teachings of Jesus as interpreted by Catholic Church
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Jesuits
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practice self control and moderation, believed that praying and good works led to salvation. stricter training system and higher expectations of morality for the clergy
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Council of Trent
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group of church officials presided over the counter reform
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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mathematical theory that asserted that the earth and rest of solar system revolved around the sun, and earth rotated on axis daily (heliocentric theory), published The Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies to prove his point
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Galileo
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Published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World (wrote in Italian so people understand and defeat Ptolemy who said earth was center), forced to recant his words
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The Index
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list that banned heretical works, included Galileo's book
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Tycho Brahe
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built an observatory and recorded his observations. provided evidence for Copernicus's theory
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Francis Bacon
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asserted scientist should prove all dta through experimentation and observation
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Johannes Kepler
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developed laws of planetary motion based on observation and mathematics, elliptical orbits
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Sir Isaac Newton
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The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, invented calculus, and law of gravity
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Scientific Revolution
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together these men used observation, reason, experiement, mathematics to prove with instruments (telescope and microscope). made as big of an impact as Protestant Reformation in science and math
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atheists
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who believe that no god exists
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deists
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who believe that God exists but plays a passive role in life, set up the world, gave it natural laws by which to operate, and then let it run by itself
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The Enlightenment
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role of mankind in relation to government,
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divine right
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church allied with strong monarchs: got power from centralizing authority, uniting people under common banner of nationalism, forming empires by promoting colonization and exploration, ruling with absolute authority. Monarchs convinced god ordained their right to govern people had moral and religious obligation to obey them (King Louis XIII : Sun King)
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Mandate of Heaven
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emperors believed that they were divinely chosen, only given authority to rule as long as they pleased heaven. if they did not rule justly or with responsibility then they would fall
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Social Contract
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governments were formed not to be divine decree but to meet the social and economic needs of the people being governed
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Thomas Hobbes
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wrote Leviathan, people were by nature greedy and prone to violent welfare, government should preserve peace and stability at all cost advocated powerful ruler (absolute monarchs)
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John Locke
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Two Treatises on Government, mankind for most part was good, all men born equal to one another and natural and unalienable rights to life, liberty, and property. primary responsibility of government was to secure and guarantee natural rights. people justified to revolt if government broke rules
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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all men were equal and society should be organized to the general will, wrote Social Contract. people are good at will and corrupted by society
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Voltaire
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idea of religious toleration
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Montesquieu
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argued for separation of power among the branches of the government: executive, legislative, and judicial
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Enlightened Monarchs
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ideals of tolerance, justice, and improvements of people's lifestyles= guidelines (Joseph II of Austria or Frederick II of Prussia)
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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started off the profitable long distance over sea trade routes for Portugal
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Vasco de Gama
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rounded the Cape of Good Hope and explored east African kingdoms and went all the way to India to establish trade relations
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Bartholomew Dias
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rounded the tip of Africa first one to do so
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Christopher Columbus
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supported by Isabella and Ferdinand, convinced there was a shorter route to Asia from the west. landed in the West Indies and explorations of Americas underway
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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drew a longitudinal line (north to south) everything east of the line was Portugals (only got Brazil) and west was for Spain.
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Amerigo Vespucci
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explored South America on several trips, continent was huge and not part of Asia
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Ponce de Leon
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explored Floria for Spain
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Vasco de Balboa
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explored Central America for Spain
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Ferdinand Magellan
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sailed around tip of South America to Pacific Ocean of Portugal, died in Philippines, but his crew became the first to circumnavigate the globe
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Giovanni de Verrazone
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explored North America for France
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Sir Francis Drake
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first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe
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John Cabot
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explored coast of North America for England
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Henry Hudson
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sailed for Dutch looking for northwest passage to Asia, explored Hudson River
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Sternpost Rudder
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invented by Chinese (Han) allowed for better navigation and control of ships of increasing size
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Lateen Sails
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allowed ships to sail in any direction regardless of the winds, advantage for ships who were depended on winds (Indian Ocean: monsoon)
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Astrolabe
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portable navigation device to help them find their way, measuring distance of the sun and stars = latitude
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Magnetic Compass
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allowed sailors to determine directions
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Three-Masted Caravels
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large ships employed significantly larger sails and could hold provisions for longer journeys
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Hernan Cortes
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landed on Mexican coast with 600 men, won support of neighboring states who loathed the Aztecs,
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Montezuma
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mistook Hernan for god, and gifted him gold. only fueled the spanish because motive for exploring was to acquire gold and spices
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Francisco Pizarro
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defeated the Incans with any army of 200 men
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Peninsulares
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group of Spanish officials sent to govern the colonies
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creoles
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people born in the colonies to Spanish parents, looked down by monarchy because they were not born in Spain but were educated and wealthy
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Mestizos
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people with European and Native American ancestry
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Mulattos
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European and African ancestry
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Native Americans/Slaves
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little or no freedom and worked on estates or in mines
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viceroys
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appointed governors of each of the five regions of New Spain
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Encomienda System
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like feudal system, provided peninsulares with land and specified number of laborers, in return peninsulares expected to protect natives and convert to Christianity, missionaries called for better treatment,
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Demographic Shifts
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huge cities depopulated, Europeans moved by the thousands, africans migrate by millions, cities in Europe swelled as the feudal system evaporated and urban middle class lines up as merchants
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Columbian Exchange
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new food, animals, and resources were transferred between Europe and the Americans. E to A: horses, pigs, goats, chili peppers, and sugar cane. A to E: squash, beans, corn, potatoes, and cacao. along with disease, weapons, ideas, and people. american food crops increased population in the east
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Key Products of Columbian Exchange
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Sugar and Silver ( most wanted by Spanish and Portuguese)
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Age of Exploration
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Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.
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Joint Stock Company
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organization created to pool the resources of many merchants, distributing cots and risks of colonization and reducing dangers of individual investors (VOC)
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mercantilism
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a country actively sought to trade but tired not to import more than it exports, create a favorable balance of trade, caused resentment because colonists were forces to pay taxes on products from Europe
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King Ferdinand and Isabeela
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from Christian Kingdom and Muslim side. under one house =nation-state most powerful forces, long term impact on cultural world developments ensured survival of spanish language and culture, built naval fleet,
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Portugal
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small country with limited manpower, middleman of a floating empire, early player in transatlantic slave trade, controlled sea routs, and garrisoned trading posts
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Charles V
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huge empire that stretched from Austria and Germany to Spain. Grandparents were Hapsburg and Ferdinand and Isabella, emperor of Holy Roman,
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Hapsburg
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family originated in Austria
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Henry IV: Edict of Nantes
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environment of tolerations
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Cathloic, chief advisor to Bourbons, strengthen the French crown, compromised with Protestants, helped them for personal benefits, (noblesse de la robe)
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Cardinal Mazarine
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prepared France to hold strong positions it would achieve under Louis XIV
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Louis XIV
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absolute monarch, Sun Kind & The Most Christian King, patronized the arts, revoked Edict of Nantes
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Jean Baptist Colbert
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strong mercantilist, increase size of French empire = increase opportunity for business transactions and taxes
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War of Spanish Succession
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disaster for grand plans of France, intermarriages led to one of Louis XIV grandson to inherit Spanish Throne, weaken spain and strengthen france,
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Philip V
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ruled Spain but couldn't combine with France, most of territory went to England
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Spanish Inquisition
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eliminate all Protestant and convert to Catholic
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Spanish Armada
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the great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588, to convert Queen back to Catholic, didn't work
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King Henry VIII
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nullified the pope's authority (Act of Supremacy), head of Church of England,
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Elizabeth I
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oversaw golden age in the arts
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Elizabethan Age
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boasted commercial expansion and exploration and colonization in the New World, after Spanish Armada
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Muscovy & British East India
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joint stock companies
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James I
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reign that brought together the crowns of England and Scotland, institute reforms to accomodate Catholics and Puritans (Calvinists) --> migrated to Jamestown
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Charles I
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son of James, desperate for money from Parliament
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Petition of Rights
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documents limiting taxes and forbidding unlawful imprisonment, ignored by Charles claimed divine right after he got the funds
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Long Parliament
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limited the absolute powers of monarchy, denies request for money,
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Oliver Cromwell
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defeated armies of Charles I, executes, rose to power not as monarch but as Lord Protector: religious intolerance and violence against Catholics and Irish.
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English Commonwealth
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This was the period of time when the Parliament was the head of England, and Declared England a republic
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Stuart Restoration
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reestablishment of monarchy in the person of Charles II, the son of Charles I, after Cromwell's death. It temporarily ended England's troubles.
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Habeas Corpus Act
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protected people from arrest without due process
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Glorious Revolution
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James II driven from power by Parliament because they feared he'd convert everyone back to Catholic, replaced by William and Mary (son in law & daughter), ensured future rulers would be Anglicans and limited power
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English Bill of Rights
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King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.
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Peace of Augsburg
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intended to bring an end to constant conflict between Catholic and Protestants
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Thirty Years' War
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Protestant challenged Holy Roman, conflict grew bigger into religious and political war,
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Peace of Westphalia
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independence of small German states, Prussia strongest
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Ivan III
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refused to pay tribute to Mongols and declared them free,
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Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)
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absolute rule in Russia, uniting and expanding it, recruited peasants, and offered them freedom from feudal lords if they settle in land in east but they had to get the land first. executed anyone whom perceived as a threat
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Cossacks
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peasant soldiers expanded territories
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czar
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russian for caesar, leader
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Time of Troubles
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one pretender to the throne would be killed by another pretender repeatedly
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Michael Romanov
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elected czar by feudal lords ruled from 1613-1917 (Romanov Dynasty), consolidated power ruthlessly
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Peter the Great
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needed to westernize Russia, first navy, St Petersburg home of westernization of Russia
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Catherine the Great
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more enlightened policies of education and western cultures were implemented, enforced repressive serfdom and limited the growth of the merchant class.
