AP World History Unit 2 Test Review – Flashcards
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Cyrus the Achaemenid
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the founder and leader of the Achaemenid Empire
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Achaemenid Empire
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the first Persian empire and ruled by Cyrus
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Cambyses
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the son of Cyrus who took the reigns after Cyrus's death
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Darius
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the most successful leader of the Achaemenid empire and kinsman of Cyrus
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Persepolis
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the capital of Darius's empire
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satrapy
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administrative and taxation districts governed by satraps
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qanat
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underground canal that distributed water for agriculture
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Xerxes
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Darius's successor who sought to impose his own values on conquered lands which led to the fall of the Achaemenid
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Persian Wars
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a series of conflicts between the Persians and the Ionian Greeks
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Seleucus
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a former commander of the elite corps of guards in Alexander's army who led the Seleucid empire
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Seleucid Empire
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one of the three empires formed after the Achaemenid ruled by Seleucus
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Parthian Empire
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empire ruled after the Seleucid who ruled using a federation of leaders
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Mithradates I
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the greatest emperor of the Parthian empire
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Sasanid Empire
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empire that toppled the Parthians and ruled Persia until it was invaded by Arab warriors
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Shapur I
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a Sasanid ruler who defeated Roman armies and created a series of buffer states
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Gimillu
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a slave of classical Persia who is well-known for his various misadventures
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Zoroastrianism
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new faith founded by Zarathrusta and reflected the cosmopolitan society of the empires
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Zarathrusta
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the founder of Zoroastrianism and claimed himself the chosen prophet by Ahura Mazda
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Ahura Mazda
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"the wise lord" who chose Zarathrusta as his prophet
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magi
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priests who orally transmitted Zarathrusta's doctrine and teachings
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Gathas
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Zarathrusta's hymns he that he composed in honor of the various deities that he recognized
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Angra Mainyu
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the adversary of Ahura Mazda; also known as the "hostile spirit"
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Homer
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Greek poet who composed the Iliad and Odyssey
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Minoan Society
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early Greek society based on the island of Crete that later fell under foreign domination
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Mycenaean Society
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early Greek society named after Mycenae and devised a syllabic script called Linear B
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polis
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(poleis in plural) term for Greek city-states
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helots
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neighboring peoples of Sparta that became servants of the Spartan state
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Sparta
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one of the most important of the poleis that was situated in the region of the Peloponnesus
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Athens
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one of the most important of the poleis and relieved tensions by establishing a government based on military principles
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Pericles
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the most popular leader of the Athenian democracy
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The Delian League
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an alliance created by the poleis to discourage further Persian actions in Greece (also led by Athens)
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Peloponnesian War
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a civil conflict in Greece with the Spartans against the Athenians, where the Spartans forced the Athenians to surrender
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Macedon
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a kingdom and frontier state north of peninsular Greece
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King Philip II
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ruler of Macedon who eventually built a powerful military and brought Greece under his control
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Alexander the Great
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son of King Philip II who took the reigns as ruler and also brought Persian under his control as he became the new Persian emperor
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Hellenistic Era
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the era of Alexander and his successors when Greek cultural traditions expanded their influence beyond Greece itself to a much larger world
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Antigonid Empire
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the smallest of the Hellenistic empires
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Ptolemaic Empire
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the wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires who's capital is based on Alexandria
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Seleucid Empire
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the empire where Greek influence reached its greatest extent
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King Menander
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a ruler of Bactria who was one of the Greek Buddhist converts
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Olympic games
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best known of the panhellenic festivals where the best Mediterranean athletes engage in contests of speed, strength, and skill
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Sappho
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a famous female poet whose surviving verse speaks of her strong physical attraction to young women
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Pasion
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a slave who worked as a porter and was rewarded for his efforts and eventually gained his freedom
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Socrates
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a thoughtful and reflective Athenian driven by a powerful urge to understand humans and human affairs in all their complexity
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Plato
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Socrates' most famous disciple and elaborated a systematic philosophy of great subtlety and invented a theory of Forms and Ideas
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Aristotle
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disciple of Plato who distrusted the theory of Forms and Ideas and was called "the master of those who know"
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Eleusinian mysteries
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a popular Greek cult which sponsored a community meal and encouraged initiates to observe high moral standards
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Epicureans
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Hellenistic philosophers who identified pleasure as the greatest good
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Skeptics
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Hellenistic philosophers who sought equanimity and left contentious issues to others
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Stoics
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Hellenistic philosophers who considered all human beings members of a single, universal family
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Etruscans
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dynamic people of early Rome who dominated much of Italy between the eighth and fifth centuries BC
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consuls
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executives who were elected to serve one-year terms in early Roman Republic
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tribunes
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officials elected by plebeians who possessed the right to veto unfair measures
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patricians
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the wealthy classes of Rome
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plebeians
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the common people or class of Rome
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Gauls
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Celtic people who on several occasions invaded Italy
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Carthage
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a city-state who became the dominant political power in north Africa
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Punic Wars
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a series of conflicts where the Romans clashed with the Carthaginians which ended when the Romans defeated the Carthaginians and annexed their possessions
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latifundia
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enormous plantations that were based on conquered lands of wealthy elites
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Gracchi Brothers
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the chief proponents of social reform in the Roman Republic (Tiberius and Gaius)
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Julius Caesar
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became master of the Roman state and named himself dictator - who claimed it for life rather than the six-month term
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Octavian (Augustus)
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a nephew and protegee of Julius Caesar who was named Augustus after defeating his rival, Mark Antony
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pax romana
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term used for a long era of peace in Rome that facilitated economic and political integration
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Twelve Tables
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a basic law code for citizens of the early Roman republic
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mare nostrum
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Roman term for the Mediterranean, "our sea"
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pater familias
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the father of the family
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Spartacus
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an escaped slave who once assembled an army of seventy thousand slaves against the Romans
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Marcus Tullius Cicero
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a Roman intellectual who adopted Stoic values and helped establish Stoicism as the most prominent school of moral philosophy of ROme
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Mithraism
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a cult dedicated to the god Mithras, who was identified with the sun and light
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Jewish War
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a resistance of Jews that mounted rebellions against the Romans but was defeated by the Romans
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Jesus of Nazareth
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a Jewish teacher whom the Christian communities recognized as their savior
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Paul of Tarsus
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a Jew from Anatolia who was a principal figure in the expansion of Christianity
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bishop
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Christian church supervisor who oversaw priests and governed their jurisdictions
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silk roads
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trade routes that extended from China all the way to the Mediterranean where all types of long-distance trade occurred
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Gregory the Wonderworker
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a missionary with a reputation of performing miracles who popularized Christianity in central Anatolia
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Nestorius
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lived during the fifth century and emphasized the human nature of Jesus
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Mani
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a prophet and devout Zoroastrian from Babylon who promoted a syncretic blend of Zoroastrian, Buddhist, and Christian elements into a faith known as Manichaeism
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Manichaeism
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a faith founded by the prophet Mania and is a blend of Zoroastrian, Buddhist, and Christian elements
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smallpox
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a disease that had an outbreak in the Roman empire that caused the death of about forty-five million people
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Marcus Aurelius
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a Roman emperor that ruled until 180 AD when he died from smallpox
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The Yellow Turban rebellion
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a massive uprising that proved to be the only first in a series of insurrections that plagued the late Han dynasty
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barracks emperors
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claimants of the imperial throne in Rome who were former generals of the army
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Diocletian
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Roman emperor who divided the Roman empire into two administrative districts: the Western and Eastern empire
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Constantine
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Roman emperor who united the Western and Eastern empire and built a capital called Constantinople
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St. Augustine
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a convert of Christianity who worked to reconcile Christianity with Greek and Roman philosophical traditions
