AP World History Unit 1-2 Part 4 – Flashcards
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Cyrus the Great
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definition- king of Persia, united the persian empire (circa 600-529 BC) significance- founder of the Persian empire
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Hellenism
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definition- Culture derived from the Greek civilization that flourished between 800 and 400 B.C.E. significance- Greek culture spread throughout the Mediterranean world
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Hellenistic culture
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definition- Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian and Indian ideas, as a result of Alexander the Great's Empire. significance- spread Greek influence
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polis
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definition- city-state form of government typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E. significance- power centralized with local city government
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Socrates
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definition- Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical discussion to ethics and human behavior. significance- taught Plato and developed what is now called the socratic method of teaching
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direct democracy
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definition- citizens have a direct vote on laws and how the government operates significance- used in ancient greece
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Pericles
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definition- Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy significance- promoted democracy
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Persian Wars
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definition- A series of wars between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire (5th century B.C.). significance- Greek victory led into Greeces golden age
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Peloponnesian War
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definition- war from 431 to 404 B.C.E. between Athens and Sparta for domination in Greece significance- Spartans won but failed to achieve political unification in Greece
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Macedon
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definition- kingdom of northern Greece significance-
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Phillip II
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definition- ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E significance- founder of centralized kingdom; conquered Greece
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Alexander the Great
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definition- son and successor of Philip II; conquered Persian empire and advanced to borders of India significance- attempted to combine Greek and Persian culture.
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Aristotle
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definition- Greek philosopher; taught that knowledge was based upon observation of phenomena in material world significance- teacher of Alexander
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Roman Republic
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definition-The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. significance- citizens voted representatives into power
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Roman Empire
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definition-An empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 . significance- at its peak lands in Europe and Africa and Asia were ruled by ancient Rome.
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patricians
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definition- the wealthy class in Roman society; landowners significance-
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plebians
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definition- ordinary roman citizens significance-
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consuls
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definition-two chief executives of the Roman republic significance- there where two unless there was an emergency and one could be chosen as dictator
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tribunes
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definition- plebeian officials elected annually during the Roman republic significance-
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Julius Caesar
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definition-general responsible for the conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic significance- assassinated in 44 B.C.E. by conservative senators
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Octavian (Augustus Caesar)
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definition- later took name of Augustus; Julius Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son; defeated conservative senators after Caesar's assassination significance- became first Roman emperor.
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Diocletian
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definition- Roman emperor of 284 C.E. Attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors significance- Split Rome into two parts
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Constantine
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definition-Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople significance- made Christianity a favored religion.
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Senate
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definition-In ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrats. significance- elected representatives
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Zoroastrianism
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definition-Persian religion founded by Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong significance- human freedom of choice
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Christianity
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definition-Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind significance- monotheistic exstention of Jeudism
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Kush
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definition-An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 100 B.C.E significance- conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.
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Shintoism
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definition-a religion based in Japan, marked by worship of nature and reverence for ancestors significance-
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Coptic Christianity
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definition-form of Christianity that took hold in Egypt and Ethiopia 1500 years ago significance- differed with other Christian beliefs about Jesus's humanity
