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Enlightenment

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a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

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7 year war

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War between British and French colonists regarding mainly territory. French ended up being defeated.

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American Revolution

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the revolution of the American colonies against Great Britain

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constitution

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a written plan of government

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French Revolution

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the revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

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Estates General

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France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution

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Guillotine

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instrument of execution that consists of a weighted blade between two vertical poles

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The Terror

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the period, from mid-1793 to mid-1794, when Maximilien Robespierre France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed

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Napoleon Bonaparte

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French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

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Haitian Revolution

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Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.

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Toussaint L'Ouverture

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was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

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Congress Of Vienna

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conservative, reactionary meeting, led by prince metternich, restore europe to prerevolution time

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Waterloo

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the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat

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Steam Engine

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external-combustion engine in which heat is used to raise steam which either turns a turbine or forces a piston to move up and down in a cylinder

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Coal

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fossil fuel consisting of carbonized vegetable matter deposited in the Carboniferous period

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Middle Class

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A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

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Adam Smith

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Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations and designed modern Capitalism

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The Wealth of Nations

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written by Adam Smith, promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics

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Karl Marx

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founder of modern communism

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The Communist Manifesto

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The book written by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels that outlined how every society in the world would eventually reach communism.

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Laissez Faire

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the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs

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Child Labor

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using children to work in factories and businesses

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Urbanization

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the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban

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Slum

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a district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions

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The Cult of Domesticity

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new ideal of womanhood and a new ideology about the home arose out of the new attitudes about work and family in the late 19th century America

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Junta

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a group of military officers who rule a country after seizing power

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Simone Bolivar

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he led Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela to independence, and helped lay the foundations for democratic ideology in much of Hispanic America. "George Washington of South America"

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Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla

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Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811. (p. 625)

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Jose Maria Morelos

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Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814. (See also Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel.) (p. 626)

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Agustin de Iturbide

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Mexican (creole) army officer who joined forces w/ the Indians and Mestizos won mexican's independence then claimed himself emperor

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Emperor Maximillian

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1864; Austrian representative sent to Mexico to regain control of the territory, somewhat Holy Alliance like ideology; clear violation of Monroe Doctrine; after the Civil War, Prez Johnson sent the U.S. military to the border and told Maximilian to leave - and they did; first time American enforced the Monroe Doctrine via its own military power

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Benito Juarez

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Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico

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Pedro I

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son and successor of Joao VI in brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor

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Secularism

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a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations

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Regionalism

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a foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas

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Abolition

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the act of abolishing a system or practice or institution (especially abolishing slavery)

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Acculturation

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the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture

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Muhammad Ali

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Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849)

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Tanzimat

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'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient. (p. 678)

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Fez

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a felt cap (usually red) for a man

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The Crimean War

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a conflict between the Russian Empire, and the French, British, and the Ottoman Empires with most battles happening on the Crimean Peninsula

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Modern War

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a total war in which involved nations direct all resources to producing material for waging war

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Florence Nightingale

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Established sanitary nursing care units. Founder of modern nursing. began professional education of nursing.

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Young Ottomans

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Movement of young intellectuals to institute liberal reforms and build a feeling of national identity in the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the nineteenth century.

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Alexander II

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the son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs (1818-1881)

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The Opium War

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Britain was exporting opium to China, who's population was becoming addicted. It was a major problem for Chinese government, but when they tried to retaliate against Britain they were thwarted by the more industrialized country. China tried to convince Portugal to side with them and shut down trading with Britain, and upon hearing this, Britain fired back and seized China's ports. This war was settled with the Treaty of Nanjing.

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Taiping Rebellion

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The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire.

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Extraterritoriality

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Right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation.

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Zulu

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A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818. (p. 649)

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Shaka Zulu

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Leader of Zulu people, Around 1816 used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state. The Zulu land became part of British-controlled land in 1887.

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African Nationalism

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Believing that africa should be united to be able to push out the Europeans

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East India Company

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an English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia

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Sepoy Rebellion

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The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.

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Indian Civil Service

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The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians.

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Indian nationalism

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Nationalism movements within India began to work towards independence in the 1890's

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Afrikaners Great Trek

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...

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Free Trade

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international trade free of government interference

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Indentured Servants

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colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

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Nationalism

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love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it

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nation - State

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A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

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Bessemer Process

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an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities

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Separate spheres

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Middle-class ideal where home life was strictly separated from the workplace and womens roles were separate from mens, with women running the household and men earning money outside it.

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Suffrage

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the right to vote

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Labor Unions

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Organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages.

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Social Darwinism

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The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

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German and Italian Unification

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The unification of states in Germany and Italy

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Otto von Bismarck

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Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

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Austro-Prussian Franco-Prussian War

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War between Prussia and France over land where people spoke German but said they were French

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Boxer Rebellion

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A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

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Meiji Restoration

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The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

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Sino-Japanese War

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a war with China and Japan that ended with Japan ruling Korea and parts of Northern China

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Russo-Japanese War

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Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win.

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Liberalism

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an economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market and the gold standard

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Missionary

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someone who attempts to convert others to a particular doctrine or program

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King Leopold

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King of Belgium who began imperialistic trade inside of Africa which resulted in the Scramble for Africa.

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Scramble for Africa

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Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. (p. 731)

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Suez Canal

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a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

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Berlin Conference

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A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

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White Man's Burden

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idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

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Rubber Plantation

answer

Plantations that grew rubber trees in Latin America and used slave labor to do it

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Emilio Aguinaldo

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Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. (p. 743)

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Free Trade Imperialism

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Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, free-trade imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics. (744)

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Panama Canal

answer

a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)

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Mexican Independence

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Creoles fearing loss of privileges joined together, led by Agustin de Iturbide to declare Mexican's independence in 1821. Iturbide was overthrown in 1821 and CEntral America had independence from Mexico.

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Republic

answer

a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

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